Vaccine

BackgroundHigh-dose inactivated influenza vaccination (HD-IIV) demonstrates superior effectiveness versus standard-dose vaccination (SD-IIV) in adults aged [≥]60 years. A recent meta-analysis integrated complementary evidence sources of representing over 85 million individuals across 14 influenza seasons. MethodsA previously developed model was updated using life-time horizon and societal perspective. Updated parameters included demographics, costs, hospitalization rates, and relative vaccin...

COVID-19 remains a substantial public health challenge in the Netherlands. Next-generation COVID-19 vaccine, mRNA-1283, is approved in the European Union, with potential for higher relative vaccine efficacy compared with originally-licensed COVID-19 vaccines. Its potential public health and economic impact, in adults [≥]60 years and high-risk 18-59 years, was modelled versus no vaccination and originally-licensed mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2, adapting a published static Markov model with 1-year tim...

ObjectiveThe main objective was to estimate the potential public health impact and cost-effectiveness of an annual dose of mRNA-1273 (2025/2026 formula) in the United States (US) for the 2025-2026 season compared with no vaccination in the mRNA-1273 licensed population (6 months-64 years with underlying medical conditions and all [≥]65 years). mRNA-1273 was also compared to BNT162b2 in high-risk adults ages 18-64 years and all [≥]65 years. MethodsAnalyses were conducted using a previously...

BackgroundCOVID-19 vaccine hesitancy remains a public health issue despite the fact that vaccines are readily available and recommended for all persons aged [≥]5 years in the United States. We aimed to describe parents plan to vaccinate their children in two different populations: families in a prospective, longitudinal cohort study and families experiencing homelessness enrolled in cross-sectional surveillance for acute respiratory infections. MethodsParticipants were parents/guardians of c...

BackgroundRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections and hospitalizations among infants in Canada. New long-acting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and vaccines administered during pregnancy have expanded prevention options, yet the most cost-effective immunization program remains uncertain. MethodsWe updated a Canadian cost-utility model to evaluate seven seasonal RSV prevention strategies over one year (with a lifetime horizon for mortality impacts)...

BackgroundVaccine hesitancy is a growing issue that the WHO ranks as one of the top 10 threats to global health. Public confidence in vaccines and rates of routine childhood vaccination have been declining around the world since the pandemic, when many countries saw the instatement of COVID-19 vaccine mandates. ObjectivesWe leveraged the COVID-19 add-on study, conducted by the CHILD Cohort Study (Canadas most phenotypically diverse, large prospective longitudinal birth cohort), to determine cha...

BackgroundEarly observational studies reported substantial reductions in all-cause mortality, suggesting that childhood vaccines might influence health in ways beyond their targeted disease. Such Non-Specific Effects (NSEs) of vaccines could potentially have important implications for the Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI). In 2014 World Health Organization (WHO) Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) commissioned a review of the NSE evidence, which called for more Randomized Controlle...

ObjectivePregnant women are at higher risk of severe COVID-19, and vaccination significantly reduces the risk of severe infection. Despite its benefits, only 13% of pregnant women in the U.S. had received the updated 2024-25 vaccine by December 2024, with uptake varying across sociodemographic groups. This study examines perceptions on COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy among U.S. adults enrolled in the Chasing Covid Cohort, analyzing responses across 16 surveys between March 2020 and Decembe...

BackgroundInitial reports from the Netherlands indicate a decline in routine childhood vaccination uptake during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, with emerging evidence of reduced parental vaccine confidence. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine childhood vaccination uptake. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective nationwide cohort study including all children born in the Netherlands in 2016-2024. First-dose DTaP-IPV vaccination status by age six mon...

BackgroundThe LP.8.1-containing COVID-19 mRNA vaccines were recommended for the 2025 seasonal vaccination campaigns in Europe and the United States. Safety data on these vaccines are limited. MethodsWe conducted a nationwide register-based cohort study in Denmark including all adults aged 65 years and older or at high risk of severe COVID-19 who had received previous COVID-19 vaccine doses. The study period was July 1, 2025, to December 3, 2025. We estimated incidence rate ratios using Poisson ...

Vaccine hesitancy emerged as a major challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic and has persisted beyond it, raising concerns about public readiness for vaccination in future pandemics. While extensive research has examined vaccine hesitancy for COVID-19 and routine immunization, it is unknown how the general population would respond to vaccination in a future pandemic, and what conditions might facilitate acceptance. Here, we analyzed data from a nationwide internet-based survey conducted in Japan ...

Accurate vaccination status ascertainment is fundamental to valid vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimation. We evaluated the accuracy of current and prior seasons self-reported influenza vaccination status among outpatients with acute respiratory illness recruited by the Canadian Sentinel Practitioner Surveillance Network (SPSN) during the 2023-2024 season in Quebec, Canada. Vaccination status was self-reported at specimen collection for influenza virus testing and compared to the provincial vaccin...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVESSeasonal influenza vaccination has been shown to reduce the risk of influenza and severe complications among children 6 months and older. Since 2010, reported numbers of influenza-associated pediatric deaths among children aged <18 years have ranged from 37 during the 2011-2012 season to 289 during 2024-2025. We estimated influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against pediatric death from 2016-2017 through 2024-2025. METHODSWe conducted a case-cohort analysis comparing cu...

BackgroundRotavirus remains a leading cause of childhood diarrhoeal hospitalisation globally. Malawi introduced the monovalent G1P8 rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix(R)) in October 2012 and in April 2016 switched from trivalent to bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (tOPV to bOPV). More than a decade after Rotarix(R) introduction, evidence on sustained vaccine effectiveness and population-level impact in high-transmission, low-income settings remains limited, and it is uncertain whether programme changes ...

BackgroundSeasonal influenza imposes a significant clinical and economic burden in the United States despite the availability of effective vaccines. ObjectivesTo estimate the cost of illness associated with seasonal influenza among U.S. adults and to examine the relationship between vaccination coverage and influenza related outcomes. MethodsWe combined Centers for Disease Control and Prevention influenza burden estimates with contemporary healthcare utilization, cost, and labor market data to...

IntroductionCholera has been a major public health concern in many parts of the world. The development of the low-cost Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV) enabled creation of the OCV stockpile by the World Health Organization and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance which have provided vaccine to cholera-affected countries since 2013. The current study aims to measure the impact of the OCV stockpile deployment on global health. MethodsDetailed OCV stockpile data were obtained and used to determine the size and ti...

This study estimated early vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the BNT162b2 LP.8.1-adapted vaccine against emergency department/urgent care (ED/UC) and outpatient visits using a test-negative case-control design. Patients from the US Veterans Affairs Healthcare System with an acute respiratory infection (ARI) who underwent SARS-CoV-2 testing from September 10 - November 30, 2025 were included. VE was estimated using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for patient demographics and clinical chara...

Background and objectiveVietnam had increasing rates of zero-dose children and sub-optimal COVID-19 vaccine booster coverage in 2022. With the Vietnamese Ministry of Health, we co-designed, implemented and evaluated a vaccine education and communication program for health workers and community leaders to improve trust, knowledge, communication skills and intention to vaccinate for routine childhood and COVID-19 vaccines. MethodThe Train-the-Trainer Vaccine Champions program was piloted in 2022 ...

BackgroundThe number and timing of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) primary doses can impact infant immune responses. This descriptive post hoc analysis evaluates the immunogenicity of the 20-valent PCV (PCV20) by vaccination timing in healthy infants in 2 key phase 3 trials. MethodsImmunogenicity endpoints from study B7471012 comparing PCV20 to 13-valent PCV (PCV13) in a 2+1 schedule were examined by timing of vaccination subgroup; the 2,4m subgroup (participants vaccinated at 2, 4, and 11...

Achieving routine immunization for all children remains a major challenge in many low- and middle-income countries. In 2021, 18.1 million children globally missed their first dose of the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP1), highlighting gaps in immunization and healthcare services. The Global Immunization Agenda 2030 aims for 90% coverage of essential childhood and adolescent vaccines and a 50% reduction in zero-dose children by 2030. However, national level data often obscures subnation...