Biotropica

Tropical rainforests generate and maintain their own microclimate regimes and the resultant cooler, more humid and stable environments foster the hyperdiversity typical of these ecosystems. Although the temporal and spatial (horizontal) distributions of microclimates have been relatively well studied, the vertical dimension has received less attention, and little is known about how forest disturbance affects the vertical stratification of microclimates in tropical forests. In this study, we examine how the vertical distribution of temperatures varies between undisturbed and burned Amazonian forests. We installed five vertical transects with temperature dataloggers distributed at 7 different heights to collect data over multiple days during the end of the dry season. We investigated how anthropogenic disturbance (fire) mediates the vertical stratification of microclimate and whether microclimate buffering (i.e, the difference between understorey and canopy temperatures) varies according to the forest structure. We showed that anthropogenic disturbance can cause an inversion in the vertical stratification of microclimates, with burned forests having hotter temperatures (up to 2 {degrees}C) in the understorey than in the canopy during the day - the opposite of what is found in undisturbed forests (typically 3 {degrees}C cooler). During the night, while understorey and canopy temperatures are similar in undisturbed forests, we found that, in burned forests, understorey temperatures were up to 2 {degrees}C cooler than in the canopy. Microclimate buffering by day was best explained by aboveground carbon stocks, with higher temperature buffering in more carbon rich forests. Our study shows that anthropogenic disturbance alters the vertical stratification of temperatures in Amazonian forests, leading to significant temporal changes along the diel cycle. Future research should focus on understanding these changes across a wider range of disturbance regimes, and explore the consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem functions from the canopy to the forest floor.

Aims: Species' distributions are determined by the interplay between ecological niche and dispersal ability, constrained by biogeographical barriers. Bald-headed uakaris (Cacajao spp.) are highly specialized primates often associated with seasonally flooded forests. In this study, we used ecological niche models to assess changes in habitat suitability and geographic distribution of uakari species under future scenarios. Location: Western Amazonia. Methods: We integrated ecological niche models, current deforestation data, and dispersal ability to estimate habitat suitability under two Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios: intermediate (SSP2-4.5) and very high (SSP5-8.5) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Results: Our models project shifts in suitable conditions for all species. Three of the five species are projected to experience substantial reductions ([≥]62%) in suitable habitat conditions within their current ranges by 2050 under both future scenarios. Across the western Amazonia, up to 219,189 km2 and 211,276 km2 of land are projected to be unsuitable within the uakari ranges under the intermediate and very high emissions scenarios, respectively. This is particularly relevant for C. calvus, C. rubicundus, and C. ucayalii. At the species level, the uakaris may lose between 343 km2 and 84,531 km2 of their ranges in the intermediate scenario and 858 km2 and 76,216 km2 in the very high scenario. Shifts in suitability due to climate change are expected to vary from 6 to 191 km in the intermediate scenario and from 5 to 168 km in the very high scenario. Furthermore, the uakaris may lose between 0.5% and 8% of their current ranges due to deforestation in all scenarios. Main conclusions: Our findings reveal a high sensitivity of the uakaris to climate change impacts. It is projected that all species may experience contractions in the suitable areas and spatial suitability within their ranges by 2050, underscoring climate change as a relevant threat to these taxa.

Gliding has evolved repeatedly across vertebrates and is often regarded as a classic example of convergent evolution associated with arboreal habitats. However, it remains unclear whether convergent locomotion corresponds to shared ecological responses across taxa. In this study, we investigated the distribution patterns and environmental drivers of gliding vertebrates in Southeast Asia using occurrence records and environmental variables representing climate and forest structure. We analyzed five major groups, including flying lemurs, flying squirrels, gliding lizards, gliding snakes, and gliding frogs, using presence-background logistic regression models. Across taxa, temperature seasonality showed consistently negative effects, while canopy height showed positive effects, indicating a shared association with climatically stable environments and well-developed vertical forest structure. In contrast, other environmental variables exhibited substantial taxon-specific variation. For example, elevation showed a strong negative effect only in gliding snakes, suggesting a tendency toward lowland habitats, whereas precipitation variables had limited explanatory power for gliding frogs. These results demonstrate that, despite the convergent evolution of gliding locomotion, ecological responses to environmental factors are not uniform across vertebrate taxa. Instead, species distributions are shaped by a combination of shared functional constraints and lineage-specific ecological traits. Our findings highlight the importance of vertical forest structure and suggest that habitat alteration affecting canopy structure may disproportionately impact certain taxa.

The Intermountain West of the United States has experienced years of extreme drought and increased temperatures. Increasing temperature and droughts can negatively impact native species that are locally adapted to environmental conditions that have persisted prior to the Anthropocene. Bees, especially solitary bees, provide critical ecosystem services because they pollinate ~90% of all flowering plants. Here we asked how drought impacted the reproduction of Osmia bruneri, a solitary mason bee. We released 20 females in nesting blocks at 21 field sites across four years (2020 - 2023) in the Bear River Mountains of northern Utah. O. bruneri reproduction was positively correlated with winter precipitation, and sex ratio was skewed in years that had a yearlong drought from the expected female to male ratio of 1.3:1 to 0.33:1. These results suggest that O. bruneri is susceptible to winter precipitation droughts. Not only was there a decrease in the total number of cells provisioned but the overall number of females produced decreased significantly during season long drought conditions. Continuous droughts can lead to a local level population decline and could contribute to overall species declines. Identifying the effects of extreme drought on solitary bee fecundity is critical for supporting effective management practices and conservation prioritization. Additionally, the results suggest that preceding winter precipitation can act as an indicator for predicting nesting success in wild solitary bees and may be an overall indicator of habitat quality.

Devils gardens are among the most striking ant-plant mutualisms in Amazonian forests. In this system, the tree Duroia hirsuta is associated with the ant Myrmelachista schumanni, which actively removes neighboring vegetation and maintains nearly monodominant patches of the host plant. Despite the apparent efficiency of this system, repeated field observations at the Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Yasuni Biosphere Reserve, revealed that individuals of Palicourea alba recurrently occur within active devils gardens. Palicourea alba closely resembles dead plant material, exhibiting leaf morphology and coloration that strongly mimic the surrounding litter layer, and appears to be uncommon outside these gardens. To our knowledge, this "dead-leaf" masquerade has not been previously documented in this intensively studied system, making it a particularly striking and unexpected observation. To evaluate whether this masquerade facilitates persistence within devils gardens, we surveyed 35 gardens and recorded P. alba in 19 (52.8%). When present, P. alba covered on average 27% of plot area, while mean herbivory across sampled leaves remained low (8.6%). Generalized linear mixed models showed that P. alba cover decreased significantly with increasing herbivory (F = 8.09, p = 0.0159), whereas herbivory increased with leaf-litter cover (F = 8.73, p = 0.0120). Field observations further revealed that many individuals are nearly indistinguishable from dry leaf litter, suggesting a role for visual crypsis or masquerade. Together, these results indicate initially, that the persistence of P. alba within devils gardens is mediated by a multi-layered ecological filtering process. First, masquerade likely reduces detection by M. schumanni, allowing seedlings to escape ant-mediated removal. Second, low herbivory suggests either enemy avoidance or reduced apparency to herbivores within the simplified understory. Third, spatial heterogeneity in leaf-litter cover may create microhabitats where both ant activity and herbivore pressure are modulated, reinforcing establishment success. This system thus represents a previously undocumented mechanism in which plant-litter resemblance enables persistence within a highly structured, biotically filtered habitat, highlighting how subtle trait-mediated interactions may modulate outcomes in otherwise strongly deterministic mutualisms.

Understanding the mechanisms of key ecological and evolutionary patterns and the restructuring of biodiversity in the Anthropocene is contingent on filling knowledge gaps about resource consumption across trophic levels and how resource use is limited by factors intrinsic to organisms and extrinsic aspects of the environment across deep and shallow timespans. We quantified diet composition and foraging behavior across a community of invertivorous birds in the Ecuadorian Andes to explore how resource use facilitates the packing and expansion of niche space across an elevational gradient, contributing the tropical Andes status as the most species-rich region on earth. We found evidence that niche packing of morphologically similar species may be offset by greater behavioral plasticity in foraging behavior at species-rich lower elevations where competition is likely more intense and invertebrate prey more diverse. We also tested the extent to which the breadth and similarity of birds foraging and dietary niches are shaped by the environmental and competitive gradient across elevation versus species identity and phylogenetic similarity. The specific behaviors and substrates that birds used were far more strongly associated with species identity than elevation, particularly for behaviors requiring specialized morphology that is phylogenetically conserved. In contrast, species identity had little effect on prey selection, which was more strongly associated with elevation. Our findings suggest that elevational range dynamics and niche packing of tropical montane birds are more strongly shaped by phylogenetic constraints on foraging behavior than by specializing on specific prey taxa, highlighting the importance of maintaining structural integrity in tropical forests for preserving functional diversity.

Tropical forest succession can reorganize biodiversity not only by changing species richness, but also by filtering the functional traits that represent ecological strategies. Harvestmen are highly sensitive to microclimatic and structural changes in Neotropical forests, yet their functional diversity remains poorly explored. We investigated taxonomic and functional diversity of harvestmen in a local scale, an Atlantic Forest remnant in southeastern Brazil containing forest patches at different successional stages. Standardized nocturnal active searches and leaf-litter sampling yielded 384 individuals belonging to 14 morphospecies. Functional diversity was quantified from four morphological traits using Hill numbers (q = 0, 1 and 2), morphofunctional ordination, beta-diversity partitioning and environmental models based on forest-structure variables and PCA-derived gradients. Functional diversity was highest when rare species were weighted equally and declined strongly from q = 0 to q = 2, indicating that uncommon species carried much of the regional morphofunctional variation. Functional alpha diversity was positively associated with taxonomic alpha diversity, and Mantel tests showed that taxonomic and functional dissimilarities among sampling points were significantly correlated. However, formal beta-diversity partitioning refined this interpretation: functional beta diversity was dominated by nestedness-resultant dissimilarity rather than turnover, suggesting that functionally poorer assemblages represented contracted subsets of the regional trait space. Morphofunctional analyses identified compact, robust and long-legged species groups, and environmental models showed that lower vegetation structure, litter depth and forest-maturity gradients significantly influenced functional diversity. These findings indicate that mature, structurally complex Atlantic Forest patches help maintain the full spectrum of harvestman morphofunctional strategies and highlight harvestmen as promising models for trait-based conservation ecology. Graphical Abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=105 SRC="FIGDIR/small/731358v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (53K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f91597org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f89aa6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7141b8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@191accc_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

Habitat fragmentation disrupts metapopulation dynamics by altering environmental conditions and constraining demographic processes critical for persistence and recruitment. In the dry Afromontane forests of northern Ethiopia, we investigated how natural and anthropogenic drivers affect seedlings, saplings, and mature tree dynamics of Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata across 34 patches. We used dynamic occurrence models to quantify effects of patch area, altitude, browsing, and disturbance. Our results indicate that high disturbance reduces seedling occurrence probability lower disturbance sites has seedling in 30% of survey plots, high disturbance would bring this down to 10% (median = -1.322, 95% CI: -2.703 to -0.283). Disturbance makes seedling less likely to persist, while large patch size help seedling persists (median = -0.93, 9 5 % CrI -1.87 - -0.02). For mature individuals, disturbance was the only significant predictor of occurrence probability, suggesting greater resistance to environmental and spatial variability compared to earlier life stages. These findings emphasize that while mature trees display resilience, the successful regeneration of Olea europaea is constrained by disturbance, but current level of browsing is not a threat. Management strategies for conservation should prioritise reducing disturbance through community engagement and forest stewardship to enhance regeneration potential and ensure long-term population viability.

Wild bees face declines, and forests may serve as critical habitats for pollinators. However, how forest composition and the associated floral environment shape pollen provisioning and resource partitioning among cavity-nesting bees remains poorly understood. Here, we leveraged BEF-China, a large-scale subtropical forest biodiversity experiment with experimentally controlled plant (tree and shrub) communities, to investigate how forest composition and spatial context shape pollen provisioning, resource partitioning, and reproductive success of cavity-nesting bees. We used DNA metabarcoding to analyze floral composition of pollen provisioned by five cavity-nesting bee species, with samples collected from BEF-China across three years (2022- 2024). By comparing pollen taxonomic composition from whole-nest pooled samples and individual brood-cell samples with the experimentally planted species pool, we characterized dietary patterns and temporal dynamics of five bee species. Bees primarily relied on floral resources from the surrounding landscape, with planted trees providing essential but temporally restricted pollen supplements during specific phenological stages. Co-occurring bee species exhibited staggered nesting phenology and distinct dietary preferences for different plant families, with fine-scale resource differentiation even during periods of phenological overlap. Our results suggest that managed forests support cavity-nesting bees by providing critical woody floral resources during specific phenological gaps and offering stable nesting environments. To mitigate pollinator declines, forest management should prioritize maintaining diverse, phenologically complementary flowering vegetation within and surrounding forest stands. This ensures temporal continuity of pollen availability throughout the nesting season, which is particularly crucial for restoring pollinator services in simplified forest landscapes.

Xenoglossa cressoniana, also known as Tetraloniella cressoniana or Xenoglossodes cressoniana, is a eucerine bee known mainly from the US Great Plains. The species was described from a female collected somewhere in Texas in the early 1900s. Here, we report rediscovery of this species in Texas after over a century with no intervening observations. While surveying north Texas ranches, we collected six specimens, including both males and females, at four sites northwest of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. Xenoglossa cressonianas range, the Great Plains and parts of the deep South, covers a large proportion of the United States. The southern and northern Great Plains, and deep South, have been historically overlooked by most bee researchers. Our results show the urgent need to increase data from under-sampled regions, even within a heavily sampled country such as the US.

The small mammals in the tropical savannas of northern Australia, have undergone a degree of change in recent decades, best documented in the Northern Territory. Data is limited from northern Queensland and though the same trends are assumed, the topographic and climatic features differ substantially. In this study we examined data systematically collected from 725 sites between 1998-2012 in three bioregions representing a climatic gradient: from semi-arid to monsoon tropical savannas. We investigated via information-theoretic models and model averaging, the relationship between five mammal groupings and three landscape variables (fractional cover green, elevation and vegetation diversity) to elucidate any consistent or different patterns in the mammal fauna. Key patterns included relationships with increasing elevation (critical weight range species richness positively associated with elevation, rodent species richness negatively associated), increasing rodent and dasyurid species richness with vegetation diversity, and lower macropod and dasyurids abundance with increasing fractional cover green. These relationships underscore a need to consider mammal conservation in Queensland with more nuance than in the more topographically inert Northern Territory. Management strategies need to be more attuned to taxonomic and regional differences, to prevent perverse outcomes.

O_LIAgricultural intensification can support the expansion of introduced species which are highly adapted to human-modified landscapes, but the mechanisms by which this occurs are often unclear. C_LIO_LIHere we investigate the spatial ecology of a rapidly expanding introduced bumble bee (Bombus impatiens) and a native congener (B. mixtus) in agricultural landscapes of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. We used microsatellite genotyping and spatially explicit capture-recapture models to compare the foraging distance of the two species, and fitted hierarchical models to compare their abundance, behaviour (nest searching vs foraging), and lineage survival as a function of landscape composition and configuration. C_LIO_LIWe found that B. impatiens had a broader foraging range than B. mixtus, and that its colony/worker abundance were positively associated with the surrounding area of residential gardens, but decreased relative to B. mixtus abundance in response to increasing seminatural area. In contrast, B. mixtus colony abundance decreased in landscapes with a greater area of intensively managed berry crops. C_LIO_LIWe observed fewer B. impatiens queens per survey in landscapes with more low-disturbance landcover, and hypothesize space use of this species could be shaped by concentration on potential nesting habitat. Consistent with this observation, nest searching behaviour was more common for B. impatiens queens, while B. mixtus queens were primarily observed foraging, suggesting these two species derive different value from agricultural landscapes during colony establishment. C_LIO_LIFinally, we found that the rate of lineage re-capture between 2022 colonies and 2023 spring queens was nearly 10-fold higher for B. impatiens than for B. mixtus, indicating a greater capacity of the introduced species to complete its life cycle in agro-natural landscape mosaics. C_LIO_LIOur results suggest that differences in spatial ecology may contribute to the differential success of these two species in human-modified landscapes, and provide insight into the mechanisms by which land-use change shapes community composition. C_LI O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=184 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/723627v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (62K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e72eacorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a958a0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f970b6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@156f522_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG Graphical abstract. Coloured diagrams of B. mixtus and B. impatiens are credited to Elaine Evans and the Xerces Society, with permission.

Climate change is altering breeding phenology in birds worldwide, yet tropical systems remain understudied despite harbouring the greatest avian diversity. We drew upon 26 years (1998-2024) of breeding phenology and reproductive success data on three sympatric Asian hornbill species (Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis, Wreathed Hornbill Rhyticeros undulatus, Oriental Pied Hornbill Anthracoceros albirostris) from a tropical forest in northeast India to examine whether trends in long-term breeding parameters reflect directional climate change or interannual variability. Over the study period, we found no significant directional trends in nest entry timing, occupancy, or breeding success over 26 years, despite modest regional warming. However, breeding parameters showed sensitivity to interannual temperature variation, with pre-breeding temperature (January-February) explaining 36-70% of variance in nest timing. Temperature sensitivity differed among species, with Wreathed Hornbill showing the strongest response (-15.9 days/{degrees}C), followed by Great Hornbill (-9.8 days/{degrees}C), and Oriental Pied Hornbill showing the weakest (-4.8 days/{degrees}C), consistent with predictions that larger, frugivorous species with extended breeding cycles would exhibit greater climatic sensitivity. The underlying mechanism appears related to a body size-phenology-thermal exposure interaction: Oriental Pied Hornbills nest later (mid-April) with shorter breeding cycles ([~]90 days), completing reproduction before peak monsoon heat (June), whereas both larger species nest earlier (mid-February) but endure thermal stress throughout extended breeding cycles ([~]130+ days) into August. Notably, annual occupancy and breeding success remained stable across years despite strong phenological responses to temperature, suggesting that phenological plasticity may help maintain reproductive performance under current climatic variation. These findings indicate that tropical cavity-nesting frugivores exhibit phenological plasticity coupled with demographic stability, though the mechanisms underlying this apparent buffering remain incompletely understood, and body size-dependent differences in thermal exposure suggest heterogeneous vulnerabilities to future warming scenarios.

Large old trees are of eminent importance for organic carbon storage in forest ecosystems and thus play a role in mitigating climate change. Such trees also have an increased risk of internal stem decay and tree cavity formation, which promotes biodiversity, but complicates the prediction of their biomass and carbon stocks, which is usually done from stem diameter and tree height data applying allometric biomass functions. Since the extent of internal stem decay is known to vary widely between different forest ecosystems and data from moist temperate forests exhibited low significance of internal stem decay, we studied dry, frequently fire-exposed Pinus ponderosa forests in central Oregon to capture the other climatic extreme of temperate forests. We hypothesized high significance of internal stem decay for stand aboveground tree biomass, as we assumed widespread stem injury from fire. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that far more than the largest 1% of trees are necessary for 50% stand biomass, as this hypothesis is found in the literature, but has been challenged in other studies. We found low biomass loss due to internal stem decay by only ca. 1% suggesting that also for fire-prone temperate forests of western North America, biomass estimates based on allometric regression are reliable. The 1% largest trees-50% stand aboveground biomass hypothesis has to be rejection for our forests as long as only trees of a size are included that noteworthily contribute to stand biomass. This metrics strongly depends on regeneration density, which is not relevant for stand biomass.

Plants, as structural elements of habitats, contribute greatly to the maintenance of local biodiversity through their biological interactions. In this study we explore whether their rarity, according to Rabinowitzs (1981) three criteria, is related to the richness and diversity of arthropods and other plants they are associated to, in a gypsum-rich steppe. We first analysed whether the geographic abundance and ecological specialisation of 32 characteristic and dominant plant species are related to the diversity (richness and phylogenetic diversity (MPD)) and degree of local specialisation of arthropods associated with them (1,694 taxa). Then, we focused on a non endemic and non specialized plant in the study area (Krascheninnikovia ceratoides) to explore the effect of population size on two types of interactions: aerial arthropods and plant facilitation. Results indicate that: 1) plant species abundance (geographical range) is not related to the richness or MPD of communities of associated arthropods, 2) plant species ecological specialization (edaphic endemisms or gypsophiles) do not contribute differentially to the maintenance of singular arthropod communities, and 3) the community of aerial arthropods and plants interacting with K. ceratoides in a small population are not necessarily less diverse than those in patches of similar size in a large population. Results also revealed that the two plant species with fewer interactions (one rare, one widespread) do show the highest singularity in their interactions with arthropods. Our study illustrates the important contribution of rare plants to the conservation of local biodiversity.

Forests play a crucial role in mitigating climate change as primary terrestrial carbon sinks. While some studies suggest that global warming enhances forest productivity, a growing body of evidence highlights detrimental impact primarily driven by increased water stress. Yet the extent to which positive effects of climate change offset its negative impacts on tree species productivity remains unclear at large spatial extents. We assessed forest growth and mortality for the 21 most abundant tree species in Europe using National Forest Inventory data from more than 50,000 plots and 700,000 trees to disentangle the relative importance of climate and forest structure. Specifically, we examined how vapor pressure deficit (VPD) anomalies across species climatic edges and stand developmental stages affect forest growth and mortality occurrence and intensity (i.e. whether mortality occurred and the amount of basal area lost). Then, we aggregated the responses across species and separately for broad-leaved and needle-leaved species to assess whether forest growth and mortality differed between major functional groups. Although the importance of forest growth and mortality drivers varied markedly among species, climate had a stronger influence on mortality than on growth, particularly in needle-leaved species. Forest growth declined and mortality increased along VPD anomaly in most species and forests studied. Responses were most pronounced at arid species edges in early-stage broad-leaved forests and at wet edges in late-stage needle-leaved forests, where differences between functional groups were also highest. We evidence the need to parametrise species-specific models of forest growth and mortality across large spatial extents to better understand and predict effects of climate change on forest productivity. In addition, our results emphasize the importance of improving the understanding of forest mortality processes given the strong influence of climate on mortality, while also further studying vulnerable populations to climate change in arid edges of species distributions.

AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWO_LIAirborne imaging spectroscopy enables species-level classification in hyperdiverse tropical forests, but accuracy varies enormously among species. We asked which ecological and evolutionary attributes make a tropical tree species spectrally separable. C_LIO_LIUsing 3,256 field-verified crowns spanning 169 species in a hyperdiverse moist forest in French Guiana, we tested seven hypothesised determinants of classification accuracy at species, pairwise, and individual-crown scales using random forest, beta regression, elastic net, and binomial GLMM analyses. C_LIO_LIPhenological regularity - the strength and consistency of seasonal leaf-cycling - was the single strongest predictor of separability, emerging as the top-ranked variable across all analyses. The presence of congeneric species in the classification pool also reduced accuracy, while broader phylogenetic isolation contributed in multivariate models. At the crown level, crown area was the strongest predictor of correct classification, while liana infestation reduced odds of correct identification by 38%. Leaf chemical traits did not predict separability. C_LIO_LIIt is the consistency of a species ecological signal - its phenological rhythm, spatial sampling, and freedom from canopy contamination - rather than any single functional trait, that determines whether it can be reliably mapped from imaging spectroscopy. C_LI

Tropical dry evergreen forests (TDEFs) are a unique and highly threatened forest type of the dry tropics. Their restoration could be strengthened if native species demonstrate carbon sequestration comparable to widely used non-native trees. We assessed biodiversity and carbon sequestration in a restored TDEF in India, developed over 50 years from a largely barren landscape. The site now supports high woody-plant diversity, with 91 native species across 34 families. Aboveground biomass (AGB) averaged 66.91 +/- 41.2 Mg/ha comparable to seasonally dry tropical forests globally. Although native species were planted more recently and are shorter than non-natives, they contributed 23.86 +/- 23.4 Mg/ha to AGB and show potential for future increases in basal area. Given their comparable wood densities and capacity to attain similar heights, native species are predicted to sequester carbon at levels similar to non-natives in the long term. AGB was unrelated to species diversity. Overall, native TDEF species can achieve carbon storage while maintaining ecological integrity.

Belemia belongs to Nyctaginaceae and comprises two species of delicate vines. Both species are endemic to Brazil. Belemia fucsioides, the type species, described in 1981, occurs in a restricted area of the Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. Belemia cordata, described in 2020, is known from only two records from the same area in the Cerrado of northern Brazil. Here, we describe the taxonomic history of Belemia and provide the first synopsis for the genus. We include species description, distribution map, identification key, and anatomical data. We used field observations over the past decade and modeled anthropogenic changes in the species range to conduct a conservation assessment in accordance with the IUCN Red List criteria. Conservation assessments indicate significant concerns for Belemia, classified as either endangered (B. fucsioides) or critically endangered (B. cordata). The species are threatened primarily by habitat loss to land used for agriculture, forestry, and livestock production. This study contributes to ongoing initiatives exploring plant diversity in the Neotropics and supports efforts to identify threats to biodiversity.

Urban pollinator gardens can provide refugia and support diverse populations of native bees amid threats from habitat destruction, pesticides, and potential ecological pressures from the introduced honey bee (Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1748)). The University of California, Berkeley, maintained a native bee garden at the Oxford Tract research facility to study the biodiversity, phenology, and foraging habits of urban bees from 2003 to 2009. That garden was decommissioned, and a new garden was re-established in 2019. Using diversity observations from the early 2000s garden and non-lethal sampling techniques, we characterized plant-pollinator interactions between flowers and urban bees in the newer bee garden with a bipartite interaction network. Across 12 flower species, we observed two non-native pollinators, the honey bee (A. mellifera) and the alfalfa leafcutter (Megachile rotundata (Fabricius, 1793)), along with at least ten native bee species across three families (Apidae, Halictidae, Megachilidae). We found that, despite the garden being created for native bees, honey bees accounted for 84% of all pollination interactions. The most abundant native bees were sweat bees (Family: Halictidae). Generalist interactions dominated the network, as both honey and sweat bees foraged on most available flowers. Honey bees showed a significant positive correlation with floral abundance, visiting flowers with the highest number of inflorescences, whereas native bees did not show this preference. These results indicate that native bee garden stewardship could benefit from greater floral diversity, while avoiding the dominance of any single species with high floral abundance, thereby reducing the likelihood of direct competition with honey bees.