Mapping research on Indigenous peoples, traditional knowledge, and biodiversity conservation in the Amazon: gaps and Indigenous knowledge co-production

O_LIIndigenous peoples play a central role in biodiversity knowledge and conservation, yet their participation in scientific research remains underrepresented. Understanding how Indigenous peoples, traditional knowledge, and Indigenous territories are portrayed in the scientific literature is essential for developing more equitable and culturally grounded conservation strategies. C_LIO_LIWe conducted a bibliometric analysis of 94 articles on biodiversity conservation in the Amazon, published between 1997 and 2025, indexed in Scopus and Web of Science. We examined temporal trends, geographic distribution, institutional leadership, Indigenous co-authorship, focal ecosystems and taxa, and the main contributions attributed to Indigenous peoples. Indigenous perspectives were integrated into this analysis through a participatory approach. C_LIO_LIScientific production increased after 2010. Research leadership remains concentrated in institutions from the Global North, even though Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru were the most frequently studied countries. Indigenous co-authorship was identified in only 6.4 % of the studies. Most studies focused on plants, mammals, and birds, whereas aquatic environments and groups such as insects, amphibians, and reptiles received comparatively less attention. The main contributions attributed to Indigenous peoples were related to community-based monitoring and management (41.48%) and cultural practices and traditional ecological knowledge (38.19%). C_LIO_LIThese findings show that Indigenous peoples are widely recognized as knowledge holders and conservation actors, but are still rarely included as authors or research partners. Our study highlights persistent geographic, epistemic, and collaborative asymmetries in Amazonian biodiversity research. Conservation science and policy will be stronger, fairer, and more effective when they move beyond documenting Indigenous knowledge towards supporting Indigenous leadership, equitable partnerships, and inclusive co-production of knowledge. C_LI