Improving Welfare Through Enrichment: A Case Study in Aged Ex-Laboratory Rhesus Macaques

Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are widely used as non-human primate models for biomedical research. When housed in captivity, it is essential to provide an environment that supports their natural behaviours; otherwise, they risk developing mood disorders, stereotypies, and other behavioural issues that may lead to physical harm. The objective of this preliminary study was to monitor the behaviour of three aged rhesus macaques ([≥] 20 y.o.), relocated from a laboratory to a Rescue Centre for Exotic Animals (Italy), and to assess the impact of novel food enrichments. Behavioural data were collected over 18 weeks, beginning at their arrival, using continuous focal sampling from video recordings. Simultaneously, faecal samples were gathered for cortisol analysis. The study was divided into three phases: a control phase without enrichments, a feeding enrichment phase (divided into two periods), and a final control phase without enrichments. Each phase comprised 900 minutes of observations for each subject. Data were analysed using generalized linear mixed models. Results showed an increase in locomotion during the enrichment and final phase compared to the initial phase. Additionally, a reduction in scratching and body-shaking behaviours was observed in the final phase compared to the initial phase. These findings suggest that implementing an enrichment program can enhance the welfare of aged non-human primates and can be considered a valuable tool in the rehabilitation of non-human primates previously housed in laboratories. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=113 SRC="FIGDIR/small/719840v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (50K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@152a3a1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@74b53forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@275b21org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d004d8_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSO_LIEnvironmental enrichment positively affected activity and stress indicators in aged ex-laboratory rhesus macaques. C_LIO_LILocomotion rates increased while scratching, body-shaking, and cortisol levels decreased. C_LIO_LIEnrichment enhance welfare during rehabilitation, even in older individuals. C_LI