The expression of IL-35 in the prophase of liver failure and its preliminary exploration for the mechanism of immunoregulation by IL-35 and glucocorticoids

Background and AimsTo determine appropriate dosages for mice models in liver failure prophase and explore IL-35 and cytokine levels. Also, investigate changes in Treg/ Th17 ratio, IL-35, and IL-17 in patients with HBV-induced liver failure before and after treatment. MethodsWe induced liver failure in mice with different doses of concanavalin and assessed severity through serum biochemistry and pathology. Mice were divided into control, model, IL-35 plasmid, anti-IL-35, and dexamethasone groups. IL-35 and IL-17 expressions in liver tissue were evaluated via immunohistochemistry, fluorescence staining, and ELISA. Treg/Th17 ratio and IL-35 and IL-17 levels in peripheral blood of patients were measured using flow cytometry and ELISA, compared to 22 healthy individuals. ResultsThe optimal dose for the liver failure model was 20 g/ kg concanavalin. The IL-35 plasmid and dexamethasone groups showed significantly lower serum TBil, ALT, AST, IL-4, IL-17, TNF- , and liver histopathology scores compared to the model group, while the anti-IL-35 group showed higher levels (P<0. 05). In HBV-PLF patients, TBil, ALT, and AST significantly decreased, and PTA increased after glucocorticoid treatment (P<0. 05). Treg/ Th17 ratio was lower in HBV-PLF patients compared to the healthy group (P<0. 05), with higher IL-35 and IL-17 levels (P<0. 05). Post-treatment, Treg increased and Th17 decreased significantly; IL-17 and Treg/ Th17 ratios increased, while IL-35 decreased (P<0.05). IL-35 positively correlated with the Treg/Th17 ratio. Conclusions 20 g/ kg concanavalin proper dose for mice model. IL-35 may protect in liver failure. Glucocorticoids help maintain immune balance, prevent failure, increase ratios and IL-35 in HBV-PLF patients, and IL-35 related to Treg/Th17 balance.