Associations of menopause hormone therapy with late-life cognition and brain health vary by formulation and APOEε4 presence
Perovic, M.; Gravelsins, L.; Wood Alexander, M.; McGovern, A.; Murphy, K.; Rabin, J.; Galea, L. A. M.
Show abstract
Implications of menopause hormone therapy (MHT) for cognitive aging remain unclear despite decades of research. Potential reasons include insufficient consideration of MHT type, despite notable pharmacokinetic differences across formulations, and limited attention to individual differences that may exacerbate cognitive risk. We examined neurocognitive outcomes as a function of APOE{epsilon}4 status, the strongest genetic predictor of Alzheimers disease, and MHT formulation in a sample of older (>70) females (N=8,741). Results suggest formulation- and domain-specific association between MHT and cognition, with evidence of estradiol-based MHT providing more benefits for APOE{epsilon}4 carriers relative to conjugated equine estrogens use. Neuroimaging analyses available for a subset of participants (N=930) revealed a consistent pattern of more favourable associations (higher volume, cortical thickness; less white matter damage) in APOE{epsilon}4 carriers taking estradiol-based MHT. These results reframe mixed MHT findings as an issue of exposure definition and support formulation- and genetic-risk-aware approaches to menopause care.
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