Spatially Patterned Podocyte State Transitions Coordinate Aging Of The Glomerulus

BackgroundWith the US population living longer, the risk, incidence, prevalence and severity for chronic kidney diseases become more abundant. Glomerular diseases are the leading cause for chronic and end-stage kidney disease. Yet, the cellular responses and the underlying mechanisms of progressive glomerular disease, which ultimately leads to glomerulosclerosis and loss of kidney function with advancing age, are poorly understood. MethodsKidneys of young (4 months-old), middle-aged (20 months-old) and aged (24 months-old) mice were separated into outer cortex and juxta-medullary region and processed for single nuclei transcriptomics. Focusing on the aging glomerulus data were analyzed using a state-of-the-art analysis pipeline dissecting out the cellular age- and kidney region-specific responses. ResultsGlobal analysis of the transcriptome reveals regional-specific differences that are detectable across multiple cell types exemplified by the expression of Napsa as a bona-fide juxta-medullary marker. In contrast aging led to rather cell type-specific responses. In the glomerulus, healthy podocytes were characterized by expression of canonical podocyte genes; conversely the senescent, aged podocytes were characterized by the down-regulation of canonical podocyte genes and the emergence of inflammatory and senescent signatures. Interestingly, these senescent podocytes were primarily located in the juxtamedullary region suggesting that juxtamedullary podocytes are more sensitive. Yet, instead of aging being defined by distinct cell states, the profiles, as well as ligand-receptor and pseudotime analyses suggest that podocytes aging is selective and coordinated, not universal degeneration. This was different to the other glomerular cell types, parietal epithelial cells, glomerular endothelial cells and mesangial cells. While they also as existed in different subpopulations, they exhibited little regional-, or age-depended changes. Finally proximal tubular aging manifested itself as discrete cellular states. ConclusionsThe single nuclei transcriptomics of the aging kidney provides a mechanistic explanation for regional susceptibility of nephrons and suggests that the future therapeutic strategies need to consider the cellular and spatial complexity of the glomerulus.