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The Role of Biomarkers in Early Detection of Chronic Disease Risk and Smoking Cessation Efforts among Students, Indonesia

2026-02-22 public and global health Title + abstract only
View on medRxiv
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ObjectiveThe study aimed to analyze factors associated with cotinine levels as an early risk indicator for chronic diseases and students readiness to quit smoking in Praya Barat District. MethodsThis study used a cross-sectional design involving 563 high school students in Praya Barat District. Data analysis was performed using the Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression to identify determinants of high cotinine levels. ResultsA total of 67% of subjects had high cotinine levels, indic...

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