Listening to children's and educators' experiences in long-term place-based conservation education sessions on southern Indian rocky outcrops

Interactions with nature can influence peoples perceptions of nature and its conservation. Connected to this, there is an increasing research interest in improving childhood nature experiences and environmental awareness through direct outdoor educational activities. While this research largely remains geographically biassed to the nature of temperate regions, global and national policies are pushing towards place-based outdoor environmental education in other geographies where research and theory-practice gap persists. The existing environmental outdoor education literature identifies the on-ground challenges, mostly from educators perspectives and focusing on academic achievements of participants. A better understanding of culturally specific, locally appropriate, and diverse pedagogies, drawing on both childrens and educators voices and relational values is required to fill this gap. We studied [~]20 years old, unique place-based conservation education sessions on the rock outcrops in Kannur (Kerala, India), facilitated by schools and non-governmental organizations. These sessions introduce children to the experience, ecology and conservation issues of rocky outcrops, an easily accessible local socio-ecological system. Considering this as a case-study, using mixed-methods, we aimed to assess (i) if and how these outdoor sessions improve socio-scientific understanding, and positive attitudes towards these habitats and their conservation in children, and to (ii) identify the sessions strengths, challenges, and relational values reflected in them through long-term experiences of its participants and educators. Our within-participant pre- and post-outdoor session surveys showed quantitative evidence for short-term increase in overall knowledge, but not any notable changes in measured attitudes or interests. But, the qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews with children and educators revealed major strengths of the sessions around the Natureculture elements, and relational values; while the challenges were mostly around educators understanding of children, pedagogical design, and logistics. Drawing on the long-term experiences of educators and children in the backdrop of existing global literature on outdoor education, we provide new insights on how using the power of emotions and experiences, positive and solution-oriented outlooks, unique socio-ecological elements, and relational values can be beneficial in designing conservation education sessions in often overlooked geographic and cultural contexts.