Can the Chest X-ray Brixia Score predict COVID-19 disease severity and mortality in resource-limited settings? A retrospective cross-sectional study at a tertiary hospital in Northwestern, Tanzania

BackgroundCOVID-19 primarily affects the lung, thus the chest x-ray (CXR) is the first line imaging modality of evaluating the disease. CXR scoring systems for quantifying the severity and progression of lung abnormalities in COVID-19 pneumonia have been introduced. However, a chest X-ray severity scoring system has never been implemented in Tanzania to assist in predicting COVID-19 patient outcomes. Therefore, this study was designed to determine whether the CXR Brixia Score can predict outcomes among patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Materials and MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional hospital-based study conducted on COVID-19 pneumonia patients confirmed by nasopharyngeal swab RT-PCR assay at Bugando Medical Center (BMC) using data retrieved from the hospital database. Data retrieved included socio-demographics and clinical information. Baseline CXRs were reviewed and assigned a Brixia score by two experienced Radiologists. Disease severity, length of the hospital stay and in-hospital mortality were recorded as outcomes and correlated with the Brixia scores by logistic regression analysis after adjusting for potential cofounders. A p-value of <0.05 was significant. ResultsA total of 220 patients were enrolled with a mean age of 59 ({+/-}12.7) years. A severe Brixia score had a significant likelihood of severe form of disease (aOR=4.8, 95%CI=2.35 - 13.67, p=0.001) and death (aOR=5.39, 95%CI=1.65 - 24.73, p=0.041). A severe Brixia score did not predict a longer hospital stay (cOR=2.29, 95%CI=0.49 - 9.72, p=0.293). ConclusionCXR Brixia Score can predict disease severity and in-hospital mortality particularly in resource-limited settings. It may assist in timely identifying patients in need of aggressive management, and thereby avert adverse outcomes including mortality.