Targeting PD-L1 in solid cancer with myeloid cells expressing a CAR-like immune receptor

Myeloid cells are prevalent in solid cancers, but they frequently exhibit a pro-tumor phenotype, hindering cancer immunotherapy. Their abundance makes engineered myeloid cell therapy an intriguing approach to tackle challenges posed by solid cancers, such as tumor trafficking and infiltration along with tumor cell heterogenicity and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Solid cancers often upregulate the checkpoint molecule PD-L1 to evade immune responses. Thus, we devised an adoptive cell therapy strategy based on myeloid cells expressing a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-like immune receptor (CARIR). The extracellular domain of CARIR is derived from the natural inhibitory receptor PD-1, while the intracellular domain(s) are derived from CD40 and/or CD3{xi}. To assess the efficacy of CARIR-engineered myeloid cells, we conducted proof-of-principle experiments using co-culture and flow cytometry-based phagocytosis assays in vitro. Additionally, we employed a fully immune-competent syngeneic tumor mouse model to evaluate the strategys effectiveness in vivo. Co-culturing CARIR-expressing human monocytic THP-1 cells with PD-L1+ target cells lead to upregulation of the co-stimulatory molecule CD86 along with expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-1 and IL-1{beta}. Moreover, CARIR expression significantly enhanced phagocytosis of multiple PD-L1+ human solid tumor cell lines in vitro. Similar outcomes were observed with CARIR-expressing human primary macrophages. In experiments conducted on Balb/c mice bearing aggressive 4T1 mammary tumors, infusing murine myeloid cells expressing a murine version of CARIR significantly slowed tumor growth and prolonged survival. Taken together, our results demonstrate that adoptive transfer of PD-1 CARIR-engineered myeloid cells may be an effective strategy in treating PD-L1+ solid tumors. Graphic Abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=105 SRC="FIGDIR/small/577873v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (15K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1657eborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e61ae3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ef3df4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cc90ea_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG In BriefWe described here an adoptive cell therapy approach employing PD-L1-specific CAR-like immune receptor (CARIR) modified myeloid cells as a potential immune cell therapy strategy for treating PD-L1+ solid cancer. O_LICARIR expression directed human THP-1 macrophages to recognize PD-L1+ target cells, which led to an upregulation of co-stimulatory molecule CD86 and production of proinflammatory cytokines TNF- and IL-1{beta}. C_LIO_LICARIR expression in human THP-1 macrophages had increased % phagocytosis and killing against PD-L1+ tumor cells in vitro. C_LIO_LIAdoptive transfer of CARIR transduced myeloid cells in immunocompetent syngeneic mice with established aggressive 4T1 tumor significantly slowed tumor growth and prolonged survival. C_LI