Lipoprotein distribution of Apo CIII glycoforms in healthy men is linked with low TG and increased insulin sensitivity

Glycosylation of Apo CIII modulates its function in triglyceride metabolism, and some variants are associated with a protective or pro-atherogenic lipid profile. These associations have been studied in whole plasma Apo CIII proteoforms, but the proportion of Apo CIII proteoforms in individual lipoprotein fractions has been rarely evaluated. In the present study, we aim to measure the relative content of Apo CIII proteoforms in each lipoprotein fraction (VLDL, IDL, LDL and HDL) in a group of healthy subjects as a potential biomarker for triglyceride metabolism, cardiovascular risk and diabetes. Lipoprotein fractions were separated by differential ultracentrifugation of plasma samples. The relative concentrations of seven Apo CIII variants were measured by mass spectrometric immunoassay, and the complete lipoprotein profile was determined by NMR. The results showed high interindividual variability in the distribution of Apo CIII proteoforms across the study population but a uniform proportion in all lipoprotein fractions. Two Apo CIII variants, Apo CIII0b and Apo CIII1d, were negatively correlated with plasma and VLDL triglycerides regardless of VLDL size and were associated with increased LDL size when transported in LDL particles. Apo CIII0b also showed a negative correlation with lipoprotein-insulin resistance score. Therefore, Apo CIII variants can be reliably measured in lipoprotein fractions, and our results suggest that Apo CIII0b and Apo CIII1d have a protective role in triglyceride metabolism and insulin resistance in healthy individuals.