Plants

Ardisia mela is formally described from the forests of the Crystal Mts, Gabon based on a specimen collected in 1968 and informally described in 1979 by Taton as Species 2. Despite the proximity of the collection to a road, and a resurgence of botanical surveys in the Crystal Mts in recent years, the species appears not to have been refound, and as it occurs in a logging concession and areas of cleared forest can be seen in the vicinity of the collection site, the species is considered threatened and provisionally assessed as Critically Endangered using the 2012 IUCN standard.

Central to understanding biodiversity is the systematic classification of biological taxa where concepts on integrating omics data have not yet been comprehensively executed. The data-driven approach is aiming at integrating phylogenetic data from three or more scales aiming at enriching the robustness of species delimitations while also revealing evolutionary drivers of diversification and speciation. This study investigates complex-thallose liverworts as reference and combines the analysis of DNA marker sequencing, morphometrics utilizing bioimaging measurements and chemometrics using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass-spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS) with data-dependent acquisition of tandem mass-spectra (DDA-MS), with character variation evaluated with dendrograms and data mining. The comparative analysis revealed similar tree topologies albeit with diverging positions of taxa that were attributed to flavonoid-glycosides, auronidins and phenanthrenes resulting from evolutionary radiation and adaptations to stressful bioclimatic conditions, whereas unique fatty acyls in Riccia link to ecological causes of speciation. Characteristic amino acid motifs confirm the intermediary position of liverworts between algae and land plants. By functionally attributing and mapping chemometric markers to the taxonomy, the data-driven approach integrating omics into integrative taxonomy is opening opportunities for plant systematics to identify evolutionary drivers and form new hypotheses on the diversification and speciation of species.

Utricularia gibba L. is an aquatic carnivorous plant with a diverse set of capabilities. Reddening of traps frequently occurs in old in vitro cultures. While anthocyanins are often responsible for red coloration in plants, not every plant turns red. Stress factors like high light or excess sucrose have previously been shown to induce the formation of anthocyanins. Here, we hypothesized the red trap formation to be dependent on nutrient deprivation and tested nitrogen deprivation. The results suggest, that only in combination with light, nitrogen deficiency leads to the activation of the complete anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway and visible red coloration. However, in darkness, anthocyanin biosynthesis appears generally less active compared to light conditions and expression of most anthocyanin biosynthesis genes is not significantly upregulated under nitrogen deficiency.

Lavandula x intermedia (lavandin) is an economically important hybrid valued for its high essential oil yield; however, studies linking solvent polarity to its bioactivity and phenolic composition remain limited. This study evaluated the effects of nine extraction solvents on the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of L. x intermedia, determined total phenolic content (TPC), and examined the relationship between chemical composition and biological activity. Aerial parts were extracted by maceration. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the broth microdilution method against four bacterial strains, while antioxidant capacity was measured by the DPPH assay. TPC was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and phenolic compounds were analyzed via LC-MS/MS. Results showed that solvent polarity significantly influenced bioactivity. Diethyl ether extracts exhibited the highest TPC (267.65 mg GAE/g), strongest antioxidant activity (IC50: 72.26 {micro}g/mL), and notable antibacterial effects (MIC: 125 {micro}g/mL), especially against Gram-positive bacteria. A strong positive correlation (r = 0.887) was observed between phenolic content and antimicrobial activity. LC-MS/MS identified key compounds, including fumaric acid, resveratrol, and hydroxycinnamic acid. Overall, moderate-polarity solvents such as diethyl ether and methanol were most effective, highlighting L. x intermedia as a promising natural source for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

Three new species of sun orchid (Thelymitra) endemic to Aotearoa New Zealand are here described. These are T. palustris, T. scabrifolia and T. semaphora. The morphological distinctiveness of these three species has been acknowledged for decades; however, their taxonomic status has remained unresolved. Evidence from existing karyological data, recently generated DNA sequence data (LFY and ycf1) and morphological studies from historical and fresh collections are used here to support their formal description. Both, T. palustris and T. semaphora are restricted to wet habitats north of Auckland (North Island). Thelymitra scabrifolia inhabits mostly scrub, and it has a similar northern North Island distribution, but is has been found also in Manawat[a]whi / Three Kings Islands and historically in Otago (South Island). All three species are polyploids and are of conservation concern.

Many Vicia species contain vicine and convicine (VC), which limit the use of faba bean and some vetches in food and feed. The first step in VC biosynthesis in V. faba is shared with the riboflavin pathway and attributed to VC1, a member of the ribAB family. Since riboflavin is ubiquitous to life, we examined the distribution of VC production in genus Vicia. Three accessions of each of 33 Vicia species were grown in glasshouse conditions to provide fresh seeds for VC analysis and leaves for DNA analysis. PCR was used to amplify fragments of the VC1/ribAB gene for sequencing, and these sequences were used to create a phylogenetic tree. COX1 and ITS2 sequences were used for examining the nucleotide diversity in the subgenera. VC and DNA sequences consistent with VC1 were found only in members of subgenus Vicia. In V. lathyroides, VC1 was present but no VC was detected. There was less sequence diversity in VC1/ribAB sequences of subgenus Cracca than in those of subgenus Vicia, suggesting that ribAB remained under stricter purifying selection than VC1. VC1 is confirmed as a prerequisite for the presence of VC, and the gene and its products are restricted to subgenus Vicia. HighlightThe favism-causing factors of vetches and faba bean, vicine and convicine, depend on the presence of the VC1 variant of the ribAB gene, which is found in only one subgenus.

Horseweed (Erigeron canadensis) is a widely distributed annual weed that can cause significant yield losses if not properly controlled. Its phenotypic plasticity allows it to rapidly acclimate to new environmental conditions, such as drought and herbicides, such as glyphosate, with the potential for cross stress acclimatization. The objectives of this research were to uncover the physiological and genetic effects at the intersection of drought stress and glyphosate resistance. To this end, we performed greenhouse dose response experiments, RNAseq, 14C glyphosate absorption and translocation, and cuticular lipid profiling via GC/MS. Greenhouse dose-response experiments revealed that, after drought stress, there was a 2.5-3.7 fold reduction in glyphosate sensitivity via a significant reduction in glyphosate absorption, regardless if the starting population was resistant or susceptible to the field use rate already. Cuticular waxes were collected from each population with and without drought stress and were analyzed via GC/MS. When comparing total wax loads of plants grown under WW and DS conditions, we found that drought stress significantly increased total wax loads for all three populations. Additionally drought stress substantial increases the proportion of triterpenoids in the cuticle. By RNAseq, we found serval triterpenoid biosynthesis genes upregulated after drought, which likely drive the changes in cuticle composition and ultimately increased glyphosate resistance following drought. Ultimately, understanding how drought impacts glyphosate resistance is critical for maintaining optimal weed control in the changing climate. HighlightDrought stress induces changes to cuticle composition and gene expression that reduce glyphosate absorption, thereby increasing horseweeds ability to survive glyphosate application.

The tribe Spermacoceae (Rubiaceae) comprises a morphologically diverse assemblage of approximately 1,400 species distributed across the Neotropics, Africa, Asia, Australia, and Pacific region. It remains one of the most taxonomically intractable groups in the family, with generic limits repeatedly redefined for more than two centuries. Previous phylogenetic studies based on a limited number of plastid and nuclear markers left numerous relationships unresolved and provided sparse representation of Neotropical lineages. Here, we present the first phylogenomic study of the tribe based on plastome-scale data and expanded sampling of Neotropical taxa. We sampled 121 species representing 55 genera spanning all major clades and generated 123 new plastomes, including 25 species incorporated into a molecular phylogenetic framework for the first time. Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian analyses recovered a highly resolved and strongly supported phylogeny, with uncertainty restricted to a small number of deep backbone nodes. Pollen and seed micromorphology provided additional evidence for evaluating phylogenetic relationships. The resulting phylogenetic framework clarifies generic boundaries across several problematic lineages and supports multiple taxonomic changes. Pervasive homoplasy in seed and floral characters rendered several traditionally recognized genera non-monophyletic, warranting new combinations, including Edrastima oxycoccoides, Stenotis alexanderae, and S. prostrata, and a reassessment of taxa such as Terrellianthus serpyllaceus and Oldenlandia dusenii. We further identify genera requiring additional study and provide an updated key to the 82 recognized genera of Spermacoceae. Together, these results provide the most robust phylogenetic framework yet available for the tribe and establish a foundation for future systematic, biogeographic, and evolutionary research.

Background and AimsThe evolution of reproductive isolation between previously interbreeding populations is a fundamental driver of plant speciation. Within Amaryllidaceae, Nothoscordum represents an evolutionarily complex genus, characterized by an unusually high incidence of chromosomal rearrangements. During fieldwork, Nothoscordum montevidense and Nothoscordum bonariense were found growing in sympatry, along with individuals exhibiting intermediate morphological traits, suggesting a putative hybrid origin. To test this hypothesis, we employed an integrative approach to characterize the morphologically intermediate specimens and the two sympatric populations. Materials and methodsTo characterize the putative hybrids we have combined morphological, cytogenetic analyses (chromosome counts, CMA/DAPI banding, and FISH) and flow cytometry-based genome size estimation. Phylogenetic relationships and genomic structure were also investigated through Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS), complete chloroplast genome assembly, and comparative repetitive DNA analysis. We also performed species distribution modeling and phenological analyses of the putative parental species. Key ResultsMultiple lines of evidence confirm the hybrid origin of the studied plants. Cytogenetic analyses revealed specimens with 2n = 21 (1C {approx} 33 pg = 32.274 Mbp) and 2n = 25 (1C {approx} 37 pg = 36.186 Mbp), accompanied by meiotic irregularities consistent with interspecific hybridization. Chloroplast genome phylogeny identified N. montevidense (2n = 16, 1C {approx} 25 pg) as the maternal lineage, while GBS data confirmed N. bonariense (2n = 26, 1C {approx} 41 pg) as the paternal contributor and revealed evidence of subsequent backcrossing. Comparative analysis of repetitive DNA showed reduced 35S rDNA diversity in the hybrid, indicative of post-hybridization genomic restructuring. Despite the observed genomic complexity, no clear morphological differentiation was detected among hybrid individuals. Phenological analyses and species distribution models demonstrated broad overlap between parental species. ConclusionsOur findings highlight the role of hybridization in shaping genome architecture in cytogenetically labile plant lineages. Furthermore, our results underscore that morphological similarity can mask profound genomic complexity, reinforcing the value of integrative approaches to understand genera characterized by reticulate evolution and genomic instability.

Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation can be highly damaging to plants, yet its effects on gibberellin (GA) homeostasis are not well understood. In this study, we show that short daily UV-C pulse treatments (12 s, 1,200 J m-2) applied for seven days reduce plant height and delay flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana. Endogenous levels of the GA biosynthesis precursors GA12, GA53, GA15, and GA24, the bioactive GA4, and the GA catabolites GA34 and GA110 are all lower in UV-C treated plants than in untreated controls. These changes were accompanied by lower transcript levels of the GA biosynthesis genes KS, GA13ox1, GA20ox1, and GA3ox1, together with opposing changes in the expression of GA2ox genes. Exogenous GA4 restores growth in UV-C-treated plants, suggesting that reduced GA availability contributes to UV-C-induced growth inhibition. Consistent with this finding, the GA-signalling mutant gdella and the GA-biosynthesis mutants kao1 and kao2 show strongly reduced UV-C responses. Together, these findings highlight the importance of GA metabolism and signalling in the developmental response to repeated UV-C exposure, and suggest that exposure regimen influences the dynamics of UV-C-induced hormonal responses.

BackgroundCymbidium tortisepalum var. longibracteatum is a Class II nationally protected endangered plant in China with significant economic value. AimThis study aimed to establish an efficient in vitro flowering system and identify key hormonal factors regulating flower bud differentiation. MethodsOrthogonal experiments and hormone treatments were performed to evaluate the effects of TDZ, 6-BA, NAA, IBA, PP333, ABA, and GA3 on flower bud induction in tissue-cultured plantlets. ResultsTDZ was identified as the key initiator of flower bud differentiation, as no flower buds were induced in TDZ-free treatments. The optimal hormone combination was 1.0 mg{middle dot}L-1 6-BA + 0.4 mg{middle dot}L-1 TDZ + 0.8 mg{middle dot}L-1 NAA + 1.6 mg{middle dot}L-1 IBA, achieving a flower bud induction rate of 23.33% and a normal flower bud rate of 20.00%. PP333 inhibited flower bud differentiation but reduced malformation; at 0.2 mg{middle dot}L-1 PP333, the normal flower bud rate reached 20.00%. GA3 pretreatment resulted in a flower bud induction rate of 12.04%, whereas ABA pretreatment showed no significant promoting effect on flower bud induction. ConclusionsThis study provides an efficient in vitro flowering system and key hormonal parameters for shortening the breeding cycle and elucidating orchid flowering mechanisms.

Drought and low temperatures are major abiotic factors affecting key physiological and biochemical processes and limiting the yields of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). To in-crease soybean production in Europe, different agricultural strategies are applied to re-duce abiotic stress, including biostimulants. Therefore, studies on the effectiveness of local strains isolated in Europe are becoming increasingly relevant. In this study two bacterial strains Arthrobacter pascens (AP) and Bradyrhizobium japonicum (BJ) along with plant-derived protein hydrolysate (PH) were analysed with soybean plans under abiotic stress conditions in plant growth chambers. Six treatments (control; AP; BJ; PH; BJ+AP; BJ+AP+PH) were tested to evaluate biostimulation effect before stress induction (VC stage) and to determine stress reduction effect on soybeans after plants recovery period (V3 stage). Biostimulants application has positive effect on soyabean biometric parameters in early plant development stage and post stress periods. More stable long-term effect was found on structural plant development parameters, than on pigment accumulation. The best results on plant biometric parameters were found where (AP) and (BJ+AP+PH) com-bination was inoculated. (BJ+AP+PH) combination was the only effective treatment, which showed significantly different results in pigments indices, compared to the control, after stress period. Author summaryYasha Jamil: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing- original draft, Giuseppe Colla: Formal analysis, Writing- original draft, Writing- review & editing, Justina Kaziuniene: Data curation, Formal analysis, Sarune Ramoskaite :Writing- review & editing. Monika Toleikien[e]: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing- original draft, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing- review & editing.

Rafflesiaceae, including Rafflesia, Sapria, and Rhizanthes, are some of the rarest flowering plants in the world, known for producing the largest blooms on Earth. These holoparasites depend exclusively on Tetrastigma (Vitaceae) vines, yet the chemical basis for this host specificity is poorly understood, complicating conservation efforts. Untargeted negative-ion LC- MS metabolomics was used to profile Rafflesiaceae buds and seeds, infected Tetrastigma hosts associated with Rafflesia lagascae, R. speciosa, and Sapria himalayana, uninfected Tetrastigma hosts, and corresponding non-host species from the Philippines and Thailand. Python scripts used for data processing and visualization were developed with generative AI assistance and validated by the authors. Principal component analysis revealed distinct metabolomic profiles across samples, with significant shifts in host metabolites upon infection. Infected Tetrastigma tissues showed nominal enrichment in phenylpropanoid and gibberellin-related metabolites, suggestive of defense and hormonal pathway activation during Rafflesia infection, as well as citric acid, suggesting increased energy demand to support the parasite. Non-host Tetrastigma species showed nominal enrichment in metabolites putatively annotated as stilbenoids, resveratrol diglucosides, and condensed tannins such as procyanidin B2, compounds broadly associated with plant defense. Rafflesia seeds harbored fatty acids/oxylipins, while Rafflesia buds accumulated gallic acid derivatives, compounds also reported in galls. These findings support a chemically mediated model of host compatibility and parasitism, with implications for the ex-situ conservation of these endangered plants.

Stomata are the pores on plant surface, and these tiny pores are responsible for the flow of gas between plants and atmosphere. Currently, what effects of the broad and continuous increase in stomatal density achieved via genetic engineering on plant growth and development remain poorly understood. The 9 Arabidopsis transgenic lines with increased stomatal density were acquired through overexpressing FSTOMAGEN (the homologs of STOMAGEN, which are in Flaveria). The intermediate stomatal density (SD) lines exhibited increased trend in biomass. Compared with the lines with low SD, the biomass of Arabidopsis lines with intermediate SD (484 mm-2) significantly increased. There was a positive and significant correlation between biomass and relative water content. Across these transgenic lines, only during the earlier phase of growth, the leaf area exhibited a gradually increased trend as stomatal density increased, and there was both a significant linear relationship between SD and leaf growth rate and a strong linear relationship between SD and leaf area. In contrast, a clear relationship during the later phase wasnt observed. Under lower growth light intensity, there was an increased trend of biomass from other lines to the lines with intermediate SD, and the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of the intermediate line were significantly increased. This study reveals plant-growth alterations that correspond to broad and near-continuous increases in stomatal density achieved via genetic engineering. Our study sheds light on the prerequisites for elevated stomatal density achieved via genetic engineering to promote plant growth.

Rafflesiaceae, known for producing the largest flowers in the world, are obligate parasites that exclusively infect Tetrastigma sp. (Vitaceae). Despite their unique biology, the interactions between parasitic tissues and host roots remain poorly understood, particularly during the flower morphogenesis phase, where parasitic tissue erupts through the host root. Here, we performed dual transcriptome analyses of two Rafflesiaceae species and their respective Tetrastigma hosts: Sapria himalayana with T. cauliflorum and Rafflesia speciosa with T. magnum. Our findings reveal species-specific transcriptional responses in Tetrastigma, suggesting divergent parasitism strategies between Rafflesia and Sapria. Moreover, we identify molecular signatures of parasitism that parallel plant gall formation, particularly in genes governing cell wall modification and host tissue reorganization. Unlike bacterial or insect-induced galls, these mechanisms may involve fungal symbionts, highlighting the unique nature of these interactions. Together, our results demonstrate that Rafflesiaceae parasitism represents a complex tripartite relationship among host, holoparasite, and associated microbes, offering new insights into the hidden biology of these remarkable parasitic plants.

O_LIHybridisation is frequently associated with plant invasions; however, its consequences for genome organisation and chromosome evolution remain poorly understood in invasive species. We investigated the extent of hybridisation in the invasive Carpobrotus edulis--acinaciformis hybrid complex and determined the cytogenomic contribution of parental species in hybrid accessions. C_LIO_LIWe combined whole-genome sequencing, population genomic analyses, genome size estimation, repeatome characterisation, chromosome counting and fluorescence in situ hybridisation to compare parental species and hybrid accessions from South Africa and the Mediterranean Basin. C_LIO_LIPopulation genomic analyses revealed widespread hybridisation and introgression, with most invasive accessions showing admixed ancestries. Pattersons D-statistic supported asymmetric allele sharing towards C. edulis. Hybrid accessions displayed genome sizes indistinguishable from C. edulis, whereas C. acinaciformis possessed significantly larger genomes. Repeatome analyses identified marked differences in repetitive DNA composition, particularly in satellite DNA abundance and chromosomal distribution. A newly identified satellite repeat (CarpoSat) showed contrasting chromosomal patterns between parental species, whereas hybrids resembled C. edulis satellite pattern. C_LIO_LIOur results demonstrate that Carpobrotus hybrid accessions are a swarm of later-generation hybrids and backcrosses showing a strong bias towards C. edulis, indicating asymmetric introgression. These findings highlight the value of integrating cytogenetic and genomic approaches to understand genome evolution in invasive hybrid complexes. C_LI

The rejection of self-incompatible (SI) Brassica pollen is mediated by three signaling branches that function in parallel in the stigma. The recognition of SI pollen by the stigma S-Receptor Kinase (SRK) results in activation of the ARM-Repeat-Containing 1 E3 ubiquitin ligase (ARC1) which mediates the degradation of compatibility factors, the FERONIA (FER) and ANJEA (ANJ) receptor kinases that induces ROS accumulation to inhibitory levels and the M Locus Protein Kinase (MLPK) which may also be connected to ROS production. Arabidopsis self-incompatibility is regulated by SRK as well, but the signaling events downstream of SRK following SI pollen perception are less well-understood. In this study, we evaluated the requirements of FER, ANJ and HERCULES RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (HERK1) for SI pollen rejection in the transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana SI-Col-0{psi} srka-1 line. The{psi} srka-1 T-DNA disrupting the expression of the endogenous{psi} SRKA gene was crossed into SI-Col-0 to prevent any potential SRK transgene silencing. T-DNA mutants for FER and ANJ/HERK1 were then crossed into the SI-Col-0{psi} srka-1 line. Using standard assays for pollen-stigma interactions, the SI phenotypes were assessed for the SI-Col-0 fer, SI-Col-0 anj-1 and SI-Col-0 anj-1 herk1-1 lines. Our results presented here indicated that FER and ANJ are not required in the stigma for Arabidopsis SI pollen rejection, further providing evidence for a divergence in the SI downstream signaling pathway in Arabidopsis.

Drought stress is the major yield limiting factor in upland rice production where the moisture availability is highly variable. Understanding and evaluating how upland rice responds to drought stress is critical to improving resilience and yield stability. In this study performance of sixteen upland rice varieties were evaluated under non-stressed, moderately stressed and highly stressed conditions. Drought stress was introduced by irrigating upland rice at 70% and 50% field capacity (FC) whereas non-stress treatment was irrigated at 100% FC. Irrigation in moderately stressed and highly stressed conditions was also withheld for six days at lateral crop stages to observe temporary wilting by inducing a stress interval. Data on agronomic traits of upland rice was collected in three experimental replications. Results indicated that performance of upland rice varieties was significantly altered under stress conditions and highest performance was observed under non-stressed conditions. Yield losses for short duration and long duration varieties ranged 35-60% and 24-62% under moderate stress whereas it ranged 43-78% and 52-73% under highly stressed conditions, respectively. Overall varieties Dawk Kha, Khao/ Sai and Dawk Pa-yawm, indicated higher stability under stressed conditions therefore, these long duration varieties could be used for obtaining better yields under diverse agroclimatic conditions and under unpredicted weather patterns. Short duration Ma-led-nai-fai and long duration Goo Meung Lung and Bow Leb Nahag could be used for acquiring traits for higher tillering and panicle bearing capacity. Short heighted varieties such as Jao Daeng, Sahm Deuan and Ma-led-nai-fai could be used in breeding for short heighted new varieties to overcome lodging concerns. Strong significant association of GMP, STI, MPRO, MHAR with grain yield under non-stressed, moderately stressed and highly stressed conditions indicated that these indices were appropriate for their use as selection criteria for drought resilience.

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. var. sabdariffa is a plant prized in many tropical countries for its leaves and calyxes. Consequently, H. sabdariffa plays an important socio-economic role for many communities. Our study aimed to assess the effect of different substrates on the growth and development of H. sabdariffa. Three combinations were created by mixing black soil with potting soil, resulting in three substrates or treatments in addition to the control treatment (black soil). Each seeded substrate had eight replicates, resulting in 32 experimental units, arranged in a completely randomised design. The treatments were composed as follows: T0 (100% black soil, 0% potting soil), T1 (75% black soil, 25% potting soil), T2 (50% black soil, 50% potting soil) and T3 (25% black soil, 75% potting soil). The parameters measured were as follows: plant height, plant diameter, number of leaves per plant, leaf area of the plants and fresh above-ground biomass of the plants. The results showed that treatment T0 resulted in better growth and development of H. sabdariffa.

Legume sprouts contain diverse bioactive phytochemicals, yet species- and accession-level comparisons of antioxidant properties and secondary metabolites remain limited. Antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and 19 secondary metabolites were evaluated in sprouts of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), using ten accessions per species under standardized conditions. Mungbean and cowpea sprouts showed significantly higher antioxidant activity, TPC, and TFC than soybean and peanut; across accessions, ABTS and DPPH activities ranged from 13.67 to 49.33% and 7.91 to 55.16%, and TPC and TFC from 3.91 to 13.81 mg GAE/g and 0.05 to 1.04 mg QE/g, respectively. Metabolite profiling revealed species-specific patterns, including isoflavones in soybean, rutin in mungbean, coumestrol in cowpea and resveratrol in peanut. Both antioxidant and phytochemical profiles varied with species and accession, so both can be selected to obtain sprouts with targeted properties.