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Compensatory drive and sleep-related phantom limb pain: the moderating role of autonomic reserve

Aranis, N.; Holmes, M.; Gianlorenco, A. L.; Sparrow, D.; Crandell, D.; Caumo, W.; Fregni, F.

2026-10-08 neurology
10.64898/2026.10.06.26364856 medRxiv
Show abstract

Phantom limb pain (PLP) is common after amputation, yet why poor sleep becomes pain in only some individuals is unknown. We hypothesized that a regulatory response is interpretable only against the reserve sustaining it, and thus we tested whether autonomic capacity relative to demand moderates the sleep-pain relationship in 121 amputee adults. Sleep was assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PLP, residual limb pain (RLP), and phantom limb sensation (PLS) on 0-10 scales. Heart rate variability was summarized as autonomic reserve (log-transformed SDNN, RMSSD, total and high-frequency power) and autonomic drive (normalized low-frequency power). Poorer sleep was associated with greater PLP and RLP, but not PLS. No single HRV index moderated these associations, but the sleep x reserve x drive interaction did for PLP (b =-0.51, p = 0.026). Poor sleep predicted pain most strongly under high drive with reduced reserve. PLP vulnerability reflects autonomic capacity relative to demand, instead of any single HRV marker alone.

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