Association of total and brain-derived Alzheimer's disease plasma biomarkers with brain amyloid deposition in a community-based sample

Background and Objectives: Plasma biomarkers, particularly brain-derived phosphorylated-tau (BD-p-tau) species, hold promise as screening tools for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, their ability to reflect AD pathology remains understudied in community settings. In a community-based sample, we examined associations between plasma biomarkers and cerebral amyloid (A{beta}) deposition, and whether kidney function modified these associations. Methods: This cohort study included cognitively unimpaired, late middle-aged adults with 18F-Florbetaben PET imaging and NULISAseq-derived plasma biomarker measurements. Analyses were restricted to NULISAseq biomarkers related to AD pathology (A{beta}38, A{beta}40, A{beta}42, ACHE, BACE1, BASP1, BD-p-tau181, BD-p-tau217, CD63, IGFBP7, KLK6, MAPT-tau, PSEN1, SFRP1, total p-tau181, p-tau217, and p-tau231). As a measure of kidney function, cystatin C-based estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated and categorized by chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage as normal/high ([&ge;]90 mL/min/1.73 m2); mildly decreased (60-89 mL/min/1.73 m2); and moderately/severely decreased or failure (<60 mL/min/1.73 m2). Bidirectional stepwise linear regression analysis was performed to identify plasma biomarkers associated with brain A{beta} deposition. Linear regression models including plasma biomarker-by-CKD stage interactions tested effect modification by kidney function. Results: A total of 541 Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, and non-Hispanic White participants were included. Stepwise linear regression retained plasma BD-p-tau217 (B = 0.22; 95% CI 0.19 to 0.25; p < 0.001), which was positively associated with brain A{beta} deposition, alongside A{beta}42 (B = - 0.08; 95% CI - 0.11 to - 0.06; p < 0.001), IGFBP7 (B = - 0.05; 95% CI - 0.08 to - 0.02; p = 0.004), and BACE1 (B = - 0.04; 95% CI - 0.07 to - 0.01; p = 0.009), which were negatively associated with brain A{beta} deposition. A significant BD-p-tau217-by-CKD stage interaction demonstrated a weaker association between BD-p-tau217 and brain A{beta} deposition among individuals with moderately/severely decreased kidney function or failure than those with normal/high kidney function (B = - 0.17; 95% CI - 0.25 to - 0.08; p < 0.001). Discussion: In a real-world sample, BD-p-tau217 emerged as the plasma biomarker most strongly associated with brain A{beta} deposition, although this association may be attenuated in the presence of moderate/severe kidney dysfunction or kidney failure. IGFBP7 and BACE1 were identified as candidate plasma biomarkers of brain A{beta} deposition, warranting replication in independent cohorts.