Muevete conCiencia: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of dual-task exercise, Tai Chi, and cognitive training on executive functions and stress in university students

The transition to higher education is characterized by increased academic demands and psychosocial stress, which may negatively affect cognitive functioning and student well-being. Executive functions (working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility) are critical for academic adaptation and can be enhanced through structured interventions. Physical exercise, mind-body practices, and cognitive training have demonstrated potential benefits for executive functioning and stress reduction; however, few randomized controlled trials have directly compared interventions with different physical and cognitive demands in university students, particularly in Latin America. In addition, most studies have relied on self-report measures and physiological stress biomarkers such as salivary cortisol. This protocol describes a three-arm, parallel-group randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate the effects of a 12-week intervention on executive functions and stress in first-year university students. The study will recruit 120 first-year health-science students aged 18-25 years. Participants will be randomly assigned (1:1:1), using block randomization stratified by sex, to one of three interventions delivered twice weekly (24 sessions of 60 minutes): (1) moderate-to-vigorous motor-cognitive dual-task exercise (DT); (2) low-to-moderate intensity Tai Chi (TC); or (3) supervised digital cognitive stimulation (CS) using structured graphomotor tasks. Primary outcomes include executive functions assessed through standardized neuropsychological measures. Secondary outcomes include stress will be evaluated using the Academic Stress Inventory, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales and salivary cortisol collected in the morning using passive drool and analyzed by competitive ELISA.Other outcomes include physical activity levels, anthropometric and body composition measures, and handgrip strength. Data will be analyzed following an intention-to-treat approach using repeated-measures models, with multiple imputation for missing data. The study has received institutional ethics and biosafety approval. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT07443904.