Discovery and evaluation of a novel step in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway regulated by F3H gene using a yeast expression system

Kaempferol and quercetin are the essential plant secondary metabolites that confer huge biological functions in the plant defense system. These metabolites are produced in low quantities in plants, therefore engineering microbial factory is a favorable strategy for the production of these metabolites. In this study, biosynthetic pathways for kaempferol and quercetin were constructed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using naringenin as a substrate. The results elucidated a novel step for the first time in kaempferol and quercetin biosynthesis directly from naringenin catalyzed by flavonol 3-hydroxylase (F3H). F3H gene from rice was cloned into pRS42K yeast episomal plasmid (YEP) vector using BamH1 and Xho1 restriction enzymes. We analyzed our target gene activity in engineered and in empty strains. The results were confirmed through TLC followed by Western blotting, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and LC-MS. TLC showed positive results on comparing both compounds extracted from the engineered strain with the standard reference. Western blotting confirmed lack of Oryza sativa flavonol 3-hydroxylase (OsF3H) activity in empty strains while high OsF3H expression in engineered strains. NMR spectroscopy confirmed only quercetin, while LCMS-MS results revealed that F3H is responsible for naringenin conversion to both kaempferol and quercetin. These results concluded that rice F3H catalyzes naringenin metabolism via hydroxylation and synthesizes kaempferol and quercetin.\n\nHighlightsO_LICurrent study is a discovery of a novel step in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway of rice plant.\nC_LIO_LIIn this study F3H gene from rice plant was functionally expressed in yeast expression system.\nC_LIO_LIResults confirmed that, F3H gene is responsible for the canalization of naringenin and converted into kaempferol and quercetin.\nC_LIO_LIThe results were confirmed through, western blotting, TLC, HPLC and NMR analysis.\nC_LI