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A three-dose MVA-BN mpox vaccination series improves the quality of anti-monkeypox virus immunity

Oom, A. L.; Wilson, K. K.; Rettig, S.; Tuen, M.; Samanovic, M. I.; Kottkamp, A. C.; Herati, R. S.; Duerr, R.; Mulligan, M. J.; NYC OSMI Study Group,

2025-11-02 infectious diseases
10.1101/2025.10.31.25339252 medRxiv
Show abstract

The 2022 global outbreak of clade IIb mpox represented a turning point in public healths handling of poxviruses. The primary vaccine available for prevention of mpox is modified vaccinia Ankara from Bavarian-Nordic (MVA-BN). We previously reported a nondurable and low avidity antibody response against mpox elicited by MVA-BN. In this study, we expanded upon this knowledge by employing a microneutralization assay to measure monkeypox virus (MPXV) neutralizing titers and a multiplexed immunoassay to assess IgG titers and avidity against eight MPXV antigens and two vaccinia antigens. Through a machine learning analysis, we uncovered that MVA-BN vaccinees without prior smallpox vaccination largely return to a baseline seroprofile within a year of immunization. Notably, we identified a discrete population within this group that mounted a robust neutralizing antibody response associated with a longer dosing interval during the MVA-BN primary series. Furthermore, we found that boosting with a third dose of MVA-BN increases IgG avidity against certain MPXV antigens, as part of a booster-specific seroprofile. These findings provide critical insights into optimizing immune responses through MVA-BN boosters, presenting a promising approach to addressing the limited MPXV-specific immunity observed following the primary series.

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