Alterations in Neuroimmune, Metabolic, and Oxidative (NIMETOX) Pathways in Post-Stroke Patients: Diagnostic and Prognostic Implications

BackgroundStroke remains a primary contributor to disability and mortality globally. Survivors often experience persistent problems associated with neuro-immune, metabolic, and oxidative stress (NIMETOX) pathways. Nevertheless, the combined effects of these NIMETOX pathways on post-stroke functional outcomes have not been extensively investigated. ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to examine alterations in NIMETOX pathways among stroke survivors relative to healthy controls. Additionally, this study aims to elucidate the predictive significance of NIMETOX biomarkers regarding stroke severity, disability, and functional outcomes. MethodsA total of 40 healthy controls and 122 stroke survivors participated in the study. The NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS), modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and Barthel Index (BI) were employed to evaluate stroke severity, disability, and functional independence, respectively. ResultsFindings indicate that immune-inflammatory markers, metabolic indices, and oxidative and nitrosative stress markers exhibited significant abnormalities in post-stroke patients. Binary logistic regression shows that increased atherogenicity, lipid hydroperoxides, and aberrations in the equilibrium between two catalytic sites of the paraoxonase 1 enzyme demonstrated high accuracy for stroke versus controls (93.9%). Regression analyses indicated that a combination of immune markers (increased interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio), metabolic variables (Castelli risk index-1 and glycated hemoglobin), and increased lipid hydroperoxides significantly explained stroke severity (44.6% of the variance), disability (55.9%), and functional impairment (53.1%). Notably, IL-6 and TNF- emerged as strong predictors of short-term stroke outcome. ConclusionPost-stroke functional deficits are largely predicted by the combined effects of immune and metabolic pathways, increased oxidative stress, and antioxidant disbalances. Treatment and prevention of stroke should target the different NIMETOX pathways.