The "value perspectives of nature" scale: A validated scale to measure plural value perspectives of future nature from a transformative angle.

O_LIInclusive transformation critically depends on recognition of the plural values of nature held across societies. However, while conceptual frameworks increasingly acknowledge plurality of values, empirical tools to reliably assess these multiple value types and their sub-dimensions remain scarce. C_LIO_LITo explore plural values of nature, we introduce the Plural Values of Nature (PVN) scale, integrating intrinsic, instrumental, and relational values into one multi-dimensional scale. This psychometric scale builds on existing values literature and is explicitly designed to capture both distinctiveness and overlap of values. C_LIO_LIUsing a seven-step process that includes qualitative and cognitive interviews, expert evaluations, and three rounds of quantitative pre-testing and validation, the scale is developed, refined, and validated across five European countries (representative sample; n = 1028). C_LIO_LIThe final PVN scale consists of 11 items. The validation study shows moderate to high internal consistency, reliability, and validity of the scale across all countries. C_LIO_LIBased on the development and validation of the PVN, we discuss methodological and conceptual issues and unpack the plurality of values of nature. Empirically we explore the simultaneous endorsement of multiple values by people. Conceptually, we explore relations and potential overlap between the values based on the items used to measure these values. C_LIO_LIPredictive validity of the scale is considerable to high. Initial results show that considering the plurality of values is important to understand peoples attitudes towards e.g., nature restoration: People that endorse multiple values show more positive attitudes towards nature restoration than people endorsing only one specific value type (either instrumental, intrinsic, or relational values), with people endorsing all three value types simultaneously showing the highest support for such policies. C_LIO_LIPolicy implications: The PVN scale is a tool that can help to take stock of the current values that societies have regarding the future development of nature, and as a monitoring tool to observe potential shifts in societal values over time. In addition, it can be used in survey research to understand attitudes towards use and protection of nature, and research on public support for transformative change. It may also facilitate dialogue around such issues. C_LI