Associations Between Menstrual Cycle Phases and Heart Rate, Well-Being, and Perceived Exertion in Female Football Players

This study aimed to investigate potential associations between menstrual cycle (MC) phases and heart rate (HR), perceived exertion (RPE), and subjective well-being in female football players. Data were collected from 11 players (aged 17-29 years) across 10 competitive matches. HR metrics, subjective well-being, and RPE were monitored in the pre-match, during-match, and post-match periods, as was the menstrual cycle in detail. Key findings revealed that during the early luteal (EL) phase, players spent significantly more time in moderate-intensity HR zones (Zone 4) in both the first (p = 0.046) and second halves (p = 0.051), while spending less time in high-intensity zones (Zone 5) during the first half (p = 0.012). Subjective measures highlighted elevated energy levels in the EL phase compared to the late luteal phase (p = 0.001), underscoring the influence of different menstrual cycle phases on well-being. However, RPE and maximum HR were predominantly shaped by external factors such as opponent strength (p < 0.001) and match outcome (p = 0.035). These results underscore the importance of exploring individual and contextual factors in understanding performance and well-being in female football players.