Investigating the Prevalence and Risk Determinants of Ovarian Cancer in Women from Bauchi State North-East, Nigeria

Ovarian cancer posed a significant health challenge, particularly in low-resource settings where late diagnosis and limited healthcare access contribute to high mortality rates. This cross- sectional study assessed the prevalence and risk factors for ovarian cancer among women attending General Hospital Azare, North-eastern Nigeria. Data were collected from women of reproductive age 18 and above through structured questionnaires and medical records. The study found an ovarian cancer prevalence of 7.2%, with key risk factors including family history of cancer (17.5%), early menarche, and nulliparity (66%). Despite access to healthcare, only 11.3% of participants had undergone ovarian cancer screening, and 58.8% lacked adequate knowledge of its risk factors. Urban residence (80.4%) and student status (71.1%) were linked to better healthcare access, but a significant gap in awareness persisted. Family history had the strongest association with ovarian cancer (Chi-square = 24.621, p < 0.001), although a counterintuitive negative coefficient suggested the need for further investigation. Alcohol consumption (Chi- square = 27.086, p < 0.001) and hormonal contraceptive use (Chi-square = 12.855, p = 0.0016) were also significantly associated with increased risk. Smoking (Chi-square = 8.57, p = 0.0034) further elevated the risk, while physical activity indicated no significant association. These findings highlighted the need for public health interventions, including education, awareness programs, and improved access to diagnostic services. Efforts to promote early detection and address healthcare disparities are crucial in reducing ovarian cancer risks in this population.