Pediatric Gastrointestinal Outcomes During the Post-Acute Phase of COVID-19

ImportanceThe profile of gastrointestinal (GI) outcomes that may affect children in post-acute and chronic phases of COVID-19 remains unclear. ObjectiveTo investigate the risks of GI symptoms and disorders during the post-acute phase (28 days to 179 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection) and the chronic phase (180 days to 729 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection) in the pediatric population. DesignWe used a retrospective cohort design from March 2020 to Sept 2023. Settingtwenty-nine healthcare institutions. ParticipantsA total of 413,455 patients aged not above 18 with SARS-CoV-2 infection and 1,163,478 patients without SARS-CoV-2 infection. ExposuresDocumented SARS-CoV-2 infection, including positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), serology, or antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2, or diagnoses of COVID-19 and COVID-related conditions. Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s)Prespecified GI symptoms and disorders during two intervals: post-acute phase and chronic phase following the documented SARS-CoV-2 infection. The adjusted risk ratio (aRR) was determined using a stratified Poisson regression model, with strata computed based on the propensity score. ResultsOur cohort comprised 1,576,933 patients, with females representing 48.0% of the sample. The analysis revealed that children with SARS-CoV-2 infection had an increased risk of developing at least one GI symptom or disorder in both the post-acute (8.64% vs. 6.85%; aRR 1.25, 95% CI 1.24-1.27) and chronic phases (12.60% vs. 9.47%; aRR 1.28, 95% CI 1.26-1.30) compared to uninfected peers. Specifically, the risk of abdominal pain was higher in COVID-19 positive patients during the post-acute phase (2.54% vs. 2.06%; aRR 1.14, 95% CI 1.11-1.17) and chronic phase (4.57% vs. 3.40%; aRR 1.24, 95% CI 1.22-1.27). Conclusions and RelevanceIn the post-acute phase or chronic phase of COVID-19, the risk of GI symptoms and disorders was increased for COVID-positive patients in the pediatric population. Key PointsO_ST_ABSQuestionC_ST_ABSDoes COVID-19 increase the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and diseases during the post-acute phase in children and adolescents? FindingsNewly diagnosed GI symptoms and disorders such as diarrhea, constipation, and vomiting are seen more commonly in children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2 infection. MeaningClinicians need to be mindful that after SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, lingering GI symptoms without a unifying diagnosis may be more common than among uninfected children.