Mosaic display of stable hemagglutinin monomers induces broad immune responses

The nature of the interplay between immunity and viral variation is infinitely adaptive. Infection frequently induces immune responses against variation-prone epitopes, rather than against spatially hidden conserved epitopes. It thus remains a substantial challenge to elicit the immune responses to the conserved epitopes providing broad-spectrum immunity. We developed an approach of scaffold-mediated mosaic display to present monomeric influenza virus hemagglutinins (HAs), which exposes highly conserved stem and interface epitopes. Stable monomers were rationally engineered from H1 and H3 subtypes and B type HA trimers, with amino acid mutations at the monomer-monomer interface and for disulfide bond formation, and fused to a self-assembling scaffold, to generate a mosaic HA monomer-displaying nanoparticle, 3HA-np. Immunization with 3HA-np induced broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) in mice and ferrets and protected against challenges with H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. Competitive immunoassays revealed that 3HA-np induced high interface- and stem-binding Ab titers as compared to head Ab titers, indicating that the monomeric and mosaic nature of 3HA-np elicit cross-reactive Abs. Our results suggest that exposure of the hidden conserved epitope by monomer-displaying nanoparticles is a promising approach to generate a universal influenza vaccine.