Gait speed is a biomarker of cancer-associated cachexia decline and recovery

BackgroundProgressive functional decline is a key element of cancer-associated cachexia. No therapies have successfully translated to the clinic due to an inability to measure and improve physical function in cachectic patients. Major barriers to translating pre-clinical therapies to the clinic include lack of cancer models that accurately mimic functional decline and use of non-specific outcome measures of function, like grip strength. New approaches are needed to investigate cachexia-related function at both the basic and clinical science levels. MethodsSurvival extension studies were performed by testing multiple cell lines, dilutions, and vehicle-types in orthotopic implantation of K-rasLSL.G12D/+; Trp53R172H/+; Pdx-1-Cre (KPC) derived cells. 128 animals in this new model were then assessed for muscle wasting, inflammation, and functional decline using a battery of biochemical, physiologic, and behavioral techniques. In parallel, we analyzed a 156-subject cohort of cancer patients with a range of cachexia severity, and who required rehabilitation, to determine the relationship between gait speed via six-minute walk test (6MWT), grip strength (hGS), and functional independence measures (FIM). Cachectic patients were identified using the Weight Loss Grading Scale (WLGS), Fearon consensus criteria, and the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI). ResultsUsing a 100-cell dose of DT10022 KPC cells, we extended the survival of the KPC orthotopic model to 8-9 weeks post-implantation compared to higher doses used (p<0.001). In this Low-dose Orthotopic (LO) model, both progressive skeletal and cardiac muscle wasting were detected in parallel to systemic inflammation; skeletal muscle atrophy at the fiber level was detected as early as 3 weeks post-implantation compared to controls (p<0.001). Gait speed in LO animals declined as early 2 week post-implantation whereas grip strength change was a late event and related to end of life. Principle component analysis (PCA) revealed distinct cachectic and non-cachectic animal populations, which we leveraged to show that gait speed decline was specific to cachexia (p<0.01) while grip strength decline was not (p=0.19). These data paralleled our observations in cancer patients with cachexia who required rehabilitation. In cachectic patients (identified by WLGS, Fearon criteria, or PNI, change in 6MWT correlated with motor FIM score changes while hGS did not (r2=0.18, p<0.001). This relationship between 6MWT and FIM in cachectic patients was further confirmed through multivariate regression (r2=0.30, p<0.001) controlling for age and cancer burden. ConclusionOutcome measures linked to gait are better associated with cachexia related function and preferred for future pre-clinical and clinical cachexia studies.