Static and dynamic analysis of in-vivo imaging for early-detection of lymphedema via near-infrared fluorescence indocyanine green lymphangiography

BackgroundNear-infrared fluorescence indocyanine green (NIRF-ICG) lymphangiography, a primary modality for detecting lymphedema, which is a disease due to lymphatic obstruction, enables real-time observations of lymphatic flow and reveals not only the spatial distribution of drainage (static analysis), but also information on the lymphatic contraction (dynamic analysis). MethodsWe have produced lymphatic obstruction models in upper limbs through the dissection of proximal lymph nodes (LNs) and radiation (dissection limbs). After the model formation during 1 week, the static and dynamic analysis using NIRF-ICG lymphangiography were performed for six weeks. The drainage pattern and leakage of lymph fluid were observed and time-domain signals of lymphatic contraction were measured in the distal lymph vessels. The obtained signals were converted to the frequency-domain spectrums using the signal processing. ResultsThe results of both static and dynamic analyses proved to be effective in accurately identify the extent of lymphatic disruption in the dissection limbs. The static analysis showed abnormal drainage patterns and an increased leakage of lymph fluid to the periphery of the vessels compared to the control limbs. Meanwhile, the waveforms were changed and the frequency of the contractile signals was increased by 58% in the dynamic analysis. Specifically, our findings revealed that regular lymphatic contractions, observed at a frequency range of 0.08 [~] 0.13 Hz in the control limbs, were absent in the dissection limbs. The contractile regularity was not fully restored until the end of the follow-up, indicating a persistent lymphatic disruption in the dissected limbs. ConclusionThe dynamic analysis was consistent with the static analysis, and it could detect the abnormalities of lymphatic circulation by observing the characteristics of signals without the need for a control group. As NIRF-ICG lymphangiography is currently used in clinical practice, our findings may be useful for the early detection of the lymphatic circulation problem.