Misaligned plastic and evolutionary responses of lifespan to novel carbohydrate diets

Diet elicits varied effects on longevity across a wide range of animal species. For example, diets low in protein and high in carbohydrate typically extend lifespan while diets high in protein tend to reduce it. Although studies have also shown that diet-induced lifespan changes can persist through transgenerational plasticity, whether such changes lead to evolutionary shifts in lifespan remains unclear. In this study we combine experimental evolution and phenotypic plasticity assays to address this gap. Using Drosophila serrata, we investigated the evolutionary potential of lifespan in response to four novel diets spanning a carbohydrate-protein gradient. We also examined developmental plasticity effects using a set of control populations that were raised on the four novel environments. Our results show that although lifespan evolved in response to changes in dietary carbohydrate concentration, the plastic responses for lifespan differed from the evolved responses. The direction of the evolved response (increased lifespan) observed on low carbohydrate diets was in the opposite direction to the plastic response (decreased lifespan). Our results imply that plastic responses to low carbohydrates can be maladaptive for lifespan and misaligned with the evolved responses, laying the groundwork for future investigations of carbohydrate contributions to evolved and plastic effects on lifespan.