An early decline in ETPs reflects reduced pre-thymic progenitors and altered signals from the thymus microenvironment

Age-related thymus involution results in decreased T-cell production, contributing to increased susceptibility to pathogens. Elucidating mechanisms underlying involution will inform strategies to restore thymopoiesis. The thymus is colonized by circulating bone marrow (BM)-derived thymus seeding progenitors (TSPs) that differentiate into early T-cell progenitors (ETPs). We find ETP cellularity declines as early as 3 months (3MO) in mice. This initial ETP reduction could reflect changes in pre-thymic progenitors and/or thymic stromal niches. We demonstrate that the number of functional TSP/ETP niches is not reduced with age. Instead, the number of pre-thymic BM and circulating lymphoid progenitors is substantially reduced by 3MO, although their intrinsic ability to seed and differentiate in the thymus is maintained. Additionally, Notch signaling in BM progenitors and ETPs declines by 3MO, indicating defective niche quality contributes to the reduction in ETPs. Together, these findings indicate that diminished BM lymphopoiesis and thymic stromal support contribute to the initial decline in ETPs, setting the stage for progressive thymus involution. Summary statementThe number of early T-cell progenitors declines by 3 months of age in mice. This decline reflects a sharp drop in circulating thymus seeding progenitors, fewer bone marrow lymphoid progenitors, and reduced Notch signaling in both bone marrow and thymus.