Direct, Indirect and Mixed Methods of Health Education By Nurse and Its Impact on Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Literature review

BackgroundDiabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the chronic non-communicable diseases that has currently been very common, in particular Diabetes Mellitus type 2 that threatens public health. It has been included in the category of the six biggest causes of worldwide death, but self-control of treatment and obedience to self-care is still low. One of the influencing factors is related to the lack of knowledge. Providing ongoing health education is one of the solutions or efforts to strengthen knowledge in type 2 diabetes. The aim was to identify the various health education methods currently used by nurses and their impacts on type 2 DM. The method used is a literature review. The literature was searched on data based on Scopus, Web of Science, SAGE, CINAHL with the keywords "methods" or "interventions", "education", "health", "nursing", and "type 2 diabetes melitus. Fifteen (15) pieces of literature were considered to meet the criteria inclusion. ResultsThree (3) types of health education methods used by nurses were identified: 1). Direct health education refers to providing education by nurses to patients through training, coaching, interviews, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and home visits; 2). Indirect Health Education - using mobile phones; 3). The mixed of direct health education and the use of mobile phone-based applications is carried out with the application of mobile health technology and nurse health coaching. The impact of providing health education by nurses to type 2 diabetic patients: increasing of knowledge, behavioral change on preventing diabetes complications, increasing self-efficacy, increasing self-care activities (diet management, physical activity, monitoring blood sugar levels, and foot care). Conclusionvarious methods of health education carried out by nurses currently have a positive impact on improving and increasing self-care management and efforts to prevent complications in type 2 diabetes.