The mechanism underlying J-waves and T-waves in the electrocardiogram of mice and zebra finches

Brief cardiac cycles are required to achieve high heart rates as seen in endothermic animals. A main determinant of the cardiac cycle is the repolarization phase of the cardiac action potential, which is visible in the ECG as a T-wave. In mammals with high heart rates - such as rodents - the repolarization phase is short and the ECG is characterized by a positive deflection following the QRS-complex, the J-wave. It is unclear whether birds with high heart rates show similar ECG characteristics. Here we study cardiac repolarization and the ECG in the zebra finch which has high heart rates. In ex vivo hearts of zebra finch (N=5) and mouse (N=5), pseudo-ECGs and optical action potentials were measured. In both species, total ventricular activation was fast with QRS durations shorter than 10ms. Ventricular activation progressed from the left to the right ventricle in zebra finch whereas the activation pattern was apex-to-base in mouse. In both species, phase 1 early repolarization followed the activation front, causing a positive J-wave in the pseudo-ECG. In zebra finch, late repolarization was directed from the right ventricle to the left ventricle, whereas late repolarization was directed opposite in mouse. Accordingly, on the zebra finch ECG, the J-wave and the T-wave have the same direction, whereas in the mouse the J-wave and the T-wave are discordant. Our findings demonstrate early repolarization and the associated J-wave are not restricted to mammals and that they also occur within birds. Early repolarization may have evolved by convergence in association with high heart rates. Summary statementZebra finches are small birds with high heart rates. Similar to small rodents, the zebra finch ECG contains a J-wave, which is caused by early repolarization