Expert and Novice Visuomotor Strategies in a Sequential Football Task Reflect Distinct Generative Models

In visuomotor sequential tasks, chaining actions smoothly requires tight coordination between sensory and motor systems to deal with competing demands, such as reducing uncertainty about future opportunities for action while controlling ongoing ones. In a football-based decision-making task, experts and novices used different strategies to overcome these competing demands, demonstrating a proactive and a sequential visuomotor strategy, respectively. We propose a computational explanation of expertise-related difference in policy selection, grounded in the active inference framework. We simulated the selection of sequence of actions using a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) model, and we manipulated three parameters: the reward structure, the prior beliefs about state transition, and the sensory precision. Simulations showed that selection of the proactive strategy relied on strong prior beliefs, high sensory precision and high valuation of fast passing. Conversely, the sequential policy was selected when rapid performance was not highly valued, or under noisy prior beliefs, or lower level of sensory precision. Decreasing sensory precision and adding noise in prior beliefs also decreased decision accuracy. These results suggest that policy selection leading to novice or expert visuomotor strategy reflects differences in the underlying generative model, particularly in how agents value different aspects of the task.