A comparison of female competitive traits: Female aggression peaks at nest building but female song spans multiple contexts in a temperate songbird

Female-female competition is increasingly recognized as a key driver of female ornamentation, including birdsong, which often functions in intrasexual competition. However, the specific resources females use elaborate traits to compete for remain unclear. In addition, few studies have simultaneously investigated the use of multiple competitive traits in females, despite growing independent interest in these traits (e.g., female song and aggression). We investigated the competitive contexts of female song, aggression and calling behavior in northern house wrens (Troglodytes aedon) to determine which resources females compete for across the breeding season. We simulated conspecific territorial intrusions using female song at three breeding stages representing different contexts: arrival (mate and territory acquisition), nest building (nest site and breeding status defense), and egg laying (brood defense). We tested whether female song and physical aggression varied as reproductive resources shifted across the breeding cycle. Females were significantly more aggressive during nest building, showing 5.8 times greater odds of a higher-intensity aggressive response during nest building compared to arrival. Female song output was similar across early stages but declined during egg laying, though this was not statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons and individuals varied substantially in overall singing propensity. Non-song vocalizations varied by call type and breeding stage. Calls associated with aggression occurred most frequently during nest building, consistent with peak physical aggression responses. Together, these results identify nest building as the stage of highest female aggression, consistent with heightened competition over nest cavities and associated breeding status in this cavity-nesting species. In contrast, female song occurred across all stages and appears to function in multiple competitive contexts. This study provides evidence for context and mode-specific female signaling in a temperate songbird and highlights that females strategically use aggression, calls, and song to mediate social conflict across breeding contexts.