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Plant-adapted OTO staining improves ultrastructural imaging by transmission electron microscopy

Yao, H.; Jin, X.; Sun, M.; Cheng, H.; Liao, Y.; Jiang, Y.; Zhao, H.; Zhou, H.

2026-09-11 plant biology
10.64898/2026.09.08.750243 bioRxiv
Show abstract

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is widely used to examine plant cellular ultrastructure, but sample preparation remains challenging because polysaccharide-rich cell walls, large vacuoles and complex membrane systems compromise staining and structural preservation. Here, we developed a plant-adapted TEM preparation method based on a modified osmium-thiocarbohydrazide-osmium (OTO) staining workflow combined with optimized washing, dehydration and resin infiltration. Using tomato roots and leaves, we show that the optimized method produces cleaner backgrounds, better-defined cellular boundaries and improved preservation of cellular morphology compared with conventional preparation. Fine membrane-associated structures, including mitochondrial cristae, chloroplast grana and stroma lamellae, nuclear membranes and other endomembrane structures, were more clearly resolved, while staining-related precipitates and diffuse background artifacts were reduced. This method provides a practical approach for high-contrast TEM imaging of plant tissues and ultrastructural analysis of plant cells and organelles.

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