A Vibrio parahaemolyticus transcriptome map captures conserved and specific regulators

Bacterial sRNAs are pervasive post-transcriptional regulators, yet how they arise, evolve, and decay remains poorly understood. Here, we provide a high-resolution transcriptome map and curated sRNA set for the pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus. We identify over 100 sRNAs, including broadly conserved, lineage-specific, and previously unidentified transcripts, as well as dual-function regulatory/coding sRNAs. Functional analysis of several examples highlights conserved and lineage-specific regulators of metabolism and flagella. Broadly conserved VcrX represses chitin utilization genes and may regulate Vibrio Spot 42, which we confirm is translated. We expand on FlaX regulation of polar flagella across the genus by demonstrating that the sRNA differentially activates/represses downstream flagellins, with a potential FlaX sponge mediating feedback in specific clades. We further show that V. parahaemolyticus, but not V. cholerae, RyhB is translated into a Cys-rich small protein that could regulate related pathways. Together, these findings establish a resource for Vibrio and a platform for comparative studies of post-transcriptional regulation, enabling investigation of how sRNAs and their regulatory networks evolve.