Comparison of evolutionary rescue via biological and cultural evolution

Rapid evolution allows populations to persist in environments where they would otherwise go extinct. This phenomenon, known as evolutionary rescue, is typically studied in the framework of biological evolution, yet adaptive traits can also arise and spread through cultural evolution. The present study developed a stochastic eco-evolutionary model to compare rescue probabilities through biological and cultural evolution. Transmission bias governed the rescue probability under cultural evolution by setting how readily a rare adaptive trait was copied. Conformity bias suppressed population persistence because a rare trait was the least likely to be copied. Content bias toward the adaptive trait enabled evolutionary rescue when social learning was rapid, but it typically yielded a lower rescue probability than biological evolution. Only anticonformity bias, together with a high social learning rate, exceeded the rescue probability of biological evolution by enabling the adaptive trait to be established more rapidly. These results demonstrate that transmission bias alters the demographic consequences of cultural evolution and highlight the importance of transmission processes in evolutionary rescue theory. Understanding how adaptive behaviours are socially transmitted may also improve predictions of animal population persistence and inform conservation efforts in rapidly changing environments.