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Spatial multi-omics analysis reveals vimentin-high macrophages-endothelial cells niche shapes CAFs heterogeneity in colorectal cancer metastasis

Li, M.; Xu, B.; Wu, J.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, B.; Chen, Y.; Li, D.; Tu, X.; Wang, K.; Yang, Z.; Li, Y.; Tan, Y.; Huang, J.; Ni, Y.; Chen, Z.; Chen, Y.; Qiu, J.; Zeng, S.; Liang, L.

2026-08-27 cancer biology
10.64898/2026.08.26.747355 bioRxiv
Show abstract

The spatial architecture of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is pivotal in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastasis. By applying high-plex spatial multi-omic mapping and neighborhood analysis to a discovery cohort of colorectal cancer primary tumor (PT) and paired liver metastases (LM), we identified a specialized vimentin-high macrophages-endothelial cells niche that orchestrates cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) phenotypes. Mechanistically, in primary tumors, vimentin-high macrophages secrete INHBA to activate the ACVR2/TGF-{beta} axis in endothelial cells, driving CAFs toward a myCAF phenotype. Conversely, in liver metastases, these macrophages secrete CXCL9 to trigger the PI3K-Akt/NF-[kcy]B/CXCL12 cascade in endothelial cells, directing CAFs toward an iCAF state. Clinically, high niche activity predicts poor survival. Divergent endothelial signaling in primary versus metastatic lesions exposes site-specific stromal vulnerabilities for therapeutic targeting, with architectural features discernible from routine histopathology. These findings reveal a site-specific regulatory mechanism of the macrophage-endothelial niche, offering a novel and clinically significant biomarker for CRC prognosis.

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