Bringing Attention to Education: Revisiting the Neural Mechanisms of Selective Attention in Naturalistic Learning

In the context of education, attention can be considered the gateway for learning, yet it remains unclear which neural mechanisms of attention identified under controlled laboratory conditions are most relevant when children engage in meaningful learning. Here, we addressed this question by experimentally manipulating attention while 5th- and 6th-grade students learned novel educational content from their own teacher. Working in partnership with an experienced classroom teacher, we co-developed naturalistic auditory and visual learning streams and manipulated whether students prioritized or ignored the speech. Using school-based electroencephalography and temporal response function modeling, we examined whether attention modulated early sensory or later stages of cortical speech processing. Attention selectively modulated speech processing at approximately 170 ms, with no evidence for modulation at earlier sensory stages, supporting a predominant role for late-stage attentional selection during learning. Importantly, individual differences in attentional modulation were associated with learning: students who more strongly increased neural tracking of the speech when it was task-relevant learned more effectively from spoken instruction. The same late-stage neural mechanism also distinguished students whom their teacher independently identified as stronger attenders during everyday classroom learning. Together, these findings connect late-stage attentional modulation across experimental neural dynamics, individual learning outcomes, and teacher observations of classroom behavior. More broadly, they demonstrate how studying attention within educationally meaningful contexts can help identify which neural mechanisms are most consequential for successful learning.