A PTBP1-CDC42 splicing axis regulates leukemia growth and venetoclax sensitivity in acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive blood cancer characterized by high rates of relapse and poor outcomes, especially in elderly or unfit patients, who cannot tolerate intensive chemotherapy. While the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax has improved initial responses in this high-risk population, relapses remain nearly universal, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we identify the RNA-binding protein PTBP1 as a critical dependency in AML. PTBP1 depletion impairs leukemic growth in vitro and in vivo, and is associated with widespread splicing alterations and global disruption of protein synthesis. Integrative transcriptomic and iCLIP analyses reveal that PTBP1 orchestrates a splicing program centered on Rho GTPase signaling, with CDC42 as a key downstream effector. Mechanistically, PTBP1 loss triggers a splicing switch from CDC42-v1 to CDC42-v2, leading to reduced GTPase activity and impaired protein synthesis. Pharmacological inhibition of CDC42 selectively induces cytotoxicity in AML cells, while sparing healthy hematopoietic cells. Importantly, CDC42 inhibition markedly enhances venetoclax anti-leukemic efficacy. These findings establish PTBP1 as a critical regulator of AML cell fitness and identify a clinically actionable therapeutic combination that exploits AML dependency on PTBP1-CDC42 signaling to enhance the efficacy of venetoclax-based regimens.