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A phage communication peptide alters Bacillus subtilis colony development and promotes sporulation

Hagbi-Lazar, B.-E.; Levi, Z.; Shema-Mizrachi, M.; Suissa, R.; Tik, Z.; Uzi-Gavrilov, S.; Holoidovsky, L.; Bendori, S. O.; Eldar, A.; Meijler, M. M.

2026-08-24 microbiology
10.64898/2026.08.23.746533 bioRxiv
Show abstract

Temperate Bacillus phages use arbitrium peptides to coordinate lysis-lysogeny decisions, but whether the mature communication peptide can be sensed directly by Bacillus subtilis and affect its physiology and behavior is unknown. Here we show that the {varphi}3T arbitrium peptide SAIRGA elicits a sequence- and stereochemistry-dependent response in Bacillus subtilis that is strongly expressed in surface-grown colony biofilms but is not accompanied by comparable changes in planktonic growth or static-liquid pellicle morphology. The response persists in the absence of AimR, the canonical arbitrium receptor. Within colonies, SAIRGA alters spatial PtapA activity and increases heat-resistant spore formation without increasing total viable cell yield. Untargeted metabolomics reveals broad dose-dependent remodeling that tracks peptide activity, while program-level proteomics independently converges on late-sporulation and mature-spore-associated states. This study highlights how a phage-derived peptide may act as a signal, enabling the host to pivot toward a survival-focused developmental state.

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