The ancestral endosymbiont Blattabacterium was lost ten times independently in Blattellidae, Pseudophyllodromiidae and Anaplectidae cockroaches

Most cockroaches and the termite Mastotermes darwiniensis are associated with Blattabacterium, an ancient obligate endosymbiont that participates in the nitrogen metabolism of its host. Blattabacterium has been vertically transmitted since it was acquired by the common ancestor of cockroaches and termites and was reportedly lost twice, once in the cockroach genus Nocticola and once in all termites except Mastotermes darwiniensis. Here, we acquired cockroach specimens spanning most of the cockroach phylogenetic tree to study Blattabacterium using shotgun sequencing. We found no traces of Blattabacterium in 64 specimens from ten independent lineages of cockroaches across three families: Blattellidae, Pseudophyllodromiidae, and Anaplectidae. The absence of Blattabacterium was confirmed with three PCR amplifications targeting the 16S and 23S ribosomal genes with primers specific to Blattabacterium. Notably, cockroaches lacking Blattabacterium were often infected by Rickettsia and Wolbachia, many of which were related to the mutualistic Wolbachia strain of Cimex lectularius, the common bed bug. These results indicate that cockroaches from Blattellidae, Pseudophyllodromiidae and Anaplectidae have lost their ancestral Blattabacterium endosymbiont at least ten times independently, with many of these losses possibly facilitated and compensated by new associations with mutualistic Wolbachia strains that may help provision the host with B vitamins.