Flies evolved a gyrocompass to maintain navigational accuracy during rapid flight maneuvers

Halteres, the miniaturized hindwings of flies, function as biological gyroscopes that encode angular velocity during flight. Although their established role is to detect flight perturbations and trigger compensatory manoeuvers, here we show that halteres also function as a gyrocompass, maintaining an accurate estimate of heading during rapid turns. To overcome the incompatibility between rapid body rotations and two-photon imaging, we exploited the physics of haltere mechano-transduction to reproduce the inertial forces acting on the halteres during rapid body rotations using micron-scale oscillations of the thorax. Our experiments demonstrate that flies update their internal compass during rapid turns by integrating inertial measurements with predictions derived from efference copy signals. Because body saccades exceed the temporal bandwidth of visual motion processing, this inertial computation allows flies to maintain an accurate internal compass throughout these rapid manoeuvres. This capability may enable flies to compute critical parameters such as wind direction and ground speed by comparing measurements made before and after each saccade. Our findings suggest that an ancestral flight-stabilization system was evolutionarily co-opted into a biological gyrocompass, a new function that may have contributed to the adaptive radiation of flies.