Probing intracellular physical environments by rotational and translational single-particle tracking

Single-particle tracking is widely used to probe nanoscale dynamics in biological systems, yet most approaches rely exclusively on translational motion, overlooking rotational dynamics that offer complementary information about the local physical environment. Here, we present a simultaneous rotational and translational single-particle tracking approach using a vortex-engineered point spread function in a single detection channel. We validate this approach with static and freely diffusing nanorods, demonstrating accurate orientation recovery and quantitative agreement with theoretical predictions of rotational diffusion. Using a biomimetic lipid bilayer system, we show that translational and rotational diffusion exhibit distinct sensitivities to environmental perturbations, confirming that these two modalities capture complementary local environment information. Applying this framework to living HeLa cells, we show that combined translational and rotational diffusion signatures define distinct biophysical fingerprints of cytoplasmic and endocytic compartments and reveal compartment-specific responses to metabolic perturbation. Finally, time-resolved analysis of individual endocytic compartments uncovers dynamic changes in the local physical environment that are inaccessible to conventional translational tracking. By coupling translational and rotational readouts, this framework opens a new dimension for probing the physical organization and dynamics of living systems at the nanoscale.