A Generative Virtual Tissue Model Enables Computational Design of Therapeutic Perturbation Strategies

Computational design has transformed many fields of engineering, where simulators can explore millions of candidate design configurations before experimental development and testing. Therapeutic design in biomedicine has resisted computational design approaches because disease progression and therapeutic response emerge from interactions among many cell types within human tissue, governed by biochemical parameters that are largely unknown and potentially unknowable. Here, we introduce the Cell Interaction Foundation Model (CIFM), a virtual tissue model that forward-simulates the transcriptional dynamics of cells in human tissue under arbitrary therapeutic conditions based upon a spatial transcriptomic seed. CIFM is a geometric graph neural network trained by self-supervised masked-transcriptome prediction on millions of cellular microenvironments spanning human tissue types and disease states; generative, auto-regressive, monte-carlo play-out, then, simulates transcriptional dynamics under combinatorial perturbations from a spatial transcriptomic seed. We validate CIFM by showing accuracy gains in gene expression prediction and imputation, disease classification, recapitulation of perturbation responses in prostate cancer models, and recovery of T cell-tumor signaling measured in cell-cell sequencing experiments. Beyond such conventional tasks, CIFM enables target identification and therapeutic design through generative tissue simulation play-outs. Analyzing over 106 single and combinatorial perturbations, CIFM designs immunotherapy strategies for cancer and autoimmune disease that exploit combinatorial manipulation of signaling pathways to induce or suppress immune activation. Broadly, CIFM shows how generative artificial intelligence methods can be applied to model emergent behavior in highly interacting biological systems, yielding new approaches to fundamental understanding of tissue behavior as well as large-scale therapeutic design.