Sleep reactivation of positive self-evaluation reveals neural-evaluative alignment that varies with depressive symptoms

Positive self-evaluation underpins resilience and mental health, yet how to enhance positive self-evaluation and the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms remain poorly understood. Existing data mostly examined self-evaluative processing of the wakeful minds, with the role of sleep remain unexplored. Here, we demonstrated that reactivation of positive self-evaluation during sleep revealed fine-grained neural-evaluative alignment that varies with depressive symptoms. We found that targeted reactivation of positive personality traits during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep enhanced positive self-evaluation, but this benefit diminished with elevated depressive symptoms. Moreover, cueing positive traits during NREM sleep elicited trait-specific, 11-16 Hz EEG sigma power-based neural representations that aligned with post-sleep positive self-evaluative representational structures, as revealed by representational similarity analyses. Notably, individuals with elevated depressive symptoms exhibited weaker neural-evaluative representational alignments, identifying a maladaptive self-evaluative processing that bridges across sleep and wakefulness states. These findings provide mechanistic insights on how fine-grained neural-evaluative alignment can substantiate positive self-evaluation, and why it was disrupted as depressive symptoms increased. HighlightsO_LIPositive-trait reactivation during NREM sleep enhances positive self-evaluation C_LIO_LIThis behavioral benefit decreases as depressive symptoms increase C_LIO_LISleep cueing evokes trait-specific sigma-band neural representations C_LIO_LINeural-evaluative alignment weakens as depressive symptoms increase C_LI