Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in Chilean Trichomycterinae (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae)

Species-level delimitation within the genus Trichomycterus remains one of the main systematic challenges within the Trichomycterinae, particularly in lineages characterised by conservative external morphology, high apparent intraspecific variation, and historical diagnostic criteria based primarily on body proportions, colouration and a few meristic characters. In central Chile, Trichomycterus areolatus has traditionally been interpreted as a widely distributed and morphologically variable species, whilst T. maculatus, originally described from "Santiago du Chili", has remained subordinate to this broad conception without a modern phylogenetic reassessment. Here we reassess the specific boundaries of T. areolatus sensu lato using an integrative approach that combines complete mitogenomes, estimates of genetic divergence and comparative morphology of the cephalic laterosensory system associated with the neurocranium. Phylogenetic analyses reveal T. areolatus sensu lato to be non-monophyletic and identify a deeply divergent lineage, geographically coherent and attributable to T. maculatus. This lineage differs from restricted T. areolatus by extensive mitochondrial divergence, comparable to that observed between recognised species of Trichomycterinae, and by discrete characters of the cephalic lateral line system, primarily related to the continuity of the supraorbital canal and the arrangement of the associated pores. The congruence between mitogenomic, nuclear and morphological evidence supports the revalidation of Trichomycterus maculatus Valenciennes, 1846, and calls for a more restricted geographic circumscription of T. areolatus. These results demonstrate that the diversity of Trichomycterinae in central Chile has been underestimated, modify previous interpretation of the distribution of the species involved, and highlight the value of integrating mitogenomics and neurocranial/laterosensory characters into the taxonomy of morphologically conservative siluriform lineages.