Rapid direct neuronal reprogramming of human dental pulp stem cells

Direct neuronal reprogramming offers an alternative to induced pluripotent stem cell-based differentiation by converting somatic cells directly into neurons without passage through pluripotency. However, commonly used fibroblast-based protocols are often slow and inefficient. Here, we evaluated human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), which originate from the cranial neural crest and possess intrinsic neurogenic potential, as a developmentally relevant source of induced neurons (iNs). Using an all-in-one lentiviral vector, we converted DPSCs into iNs within 17 days, compared with 28 days for fibroblasts reprogrammed with the same vector, and achieved significantly higher neuronal purity under the respective established protocols. Multi-omic profiling revealed coordinated suppression of mesenchymal and cell-cycle programs and induction of neuronal, synaptic, and metabolic pathways. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing resolved fibroblast-like, transitional, maturing neuronal, GABAergic-like, and alternative fates, while trajectory inference suggested divergent neuronal and non-neuronal conversion paths. Whole-cell recordings showed that a subset of DPSC-iNs developed early neuronal excitability and voltage-gated inward and outward currents. Together, our findings establish DPSCs as an accessible and developmentally relevant source for rapid direct neuronal conversion. This integrated molecular, single-nucleus, and electrophysiological characterization defines the cellular heterogeneity of DPSC-to-neuron reprogramming and provides a framework for protocol refinement and future patient-specific disease modeling.