Surface architecture of the bacterial envelope determines phage adsorption route in pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7

The outermost surface layers of Gram-negative bacteria determine phage access to terminal receptors, yet their genetic basis has been mapped almost exclusively in laboratory strains that lack them. Here we apply genome-wide RB-TnSeq fitness profiling to four Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains from distinct phylogenetic clades sharing the O157 O-antigen, using 38 phages with terminal receptors previously mapped in E. coli K-12 strain. RB-TnSeq fitness landscapes across all four pathogenic backgrounds were mostly similar, and dominated by surface-associated loci, including the gfc-etk group 4 capsule operon, O-antigen biosynthesis genes, LPS core assembly genes and outer membrane proteins. Disruption of gfc-etk abolished infection in 11 genetically diverse myoviruses, establishing the O-antigen capsule as a widespread required primary recognition substrate. O-antigen loci generated two classes of fitness score patterns. For 10 phages, disruption increased infectivity, indicating it is a barrier to receptor access; for 3 others, disruption abolished infectivity, demonstrating it can also be a primary recognition substrate. Outer membrane protein receptor identity was conserved across laboratory and pathogenic backgrounds, with the same proteins recognized in both K-12 and O157:H7, while glycan layer state determines whether these receptors are reached. These results demonstrate that outer surface glycan layers can act as primary and optional recognition substrates for phage infection, or as physical barriers preventing terminal receptor access. Extending the ability to probe phage-targeted receptors beyond outer membrane proteins provides a framework for incorporating glycan layer state into predictive models of phage-host interactions. ImportanceBacteriophage-based interventions for controlling Escherichia coli O157:H7, a major foodborne pathogen responsible for tens of thousands of illnesses annually in the United States, require a mechanistic understanding of the factors governing strain-level susceptibility. Predictive frameworks developed in laboratory model strains lacking O-antigen and capsular polysaccharides can map the terminal protein receptors that phages bind, but are currently limited in their ability to determine whether those receptors are accessible in pathogenic isolates carrying full outer surface complexity. This study provides the first genome-scale, functional genetic map of phage susceptibility determinants in O157:H7 and demonstrates that the state of the outer surface layers, specifically the O-antigen and the gfc-etk capsule, determines whether phages can reach conserved terminal receptors. This finding explains differences in phage susceptibility between strains sharing nearly identical gene content, and identifies the molecular layers that must be characterized to predict phage host interaction in pathogenic E. coli backgrounds.