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SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein engages with viral RNA and ERGIC lipids to drive viral core assembly

Swarnakar, S.; Mishra, J.; Rat, V.; Merida, P.; Bunel, L.; Avinens, D.; Feuillard, J.; Lyonnais, S.; Martinez, E.; Swain, J.; Dufourt, J.; Blaise, M.; Favard, C.; Basu, J. K.; Muriaux, D.

2026-07-23 biophysics
10.64898/2026.07.23.740351 bioRxiv
Show abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 assembles at the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC), yet the molecular basis of nucleocapsid (N) protein interactions with host membranes remains unclear. Using in vitro reconstituted lipid membranes and viral RNA- N complexes, we show that full-length N binds phosphatidylinositol (PI)- and phosphatidylserine (PS)-containing membranes and induces lipid clustering, an effect amplified by viral RNA and ERGIC-like membrane lipid composition. The isolated N-terminal domain lacks this activity, whereas the C-terminal domain retains membrane-associated multimerization. Although, lipid bilayers promote co-clustering of N and PI lipids, facilitating ribonucleoprotein (RNP) assembly, even on simple membranes. Importantly, ERGIC- mimicking membranes enhances this co-clustering further stabilizing RNPs of dimensions matching the viral core. In cells, viral RNA enhances N clustering without altering particle production. These findings reveal cooperative interactions between N, viral RNA, and ERGIC lipids as key drivers of lipid-dependent viral core formation, providing a mechanistic framework for the early steps of viral assembly.

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