From Recognition to Reimbursement: An Assessment of State Medicaid Coverage Policies for Genetic Counselors and a Path Forward

Purpose As genomics permeates all healthcare specialties, genetic counseling in conjunction with genetic testing is broadly recommended. Improving access to genetics professionals is crucial for Americans insured by Medicaid. The purpose of this study was to conduct a comprehensive review of Medicaid policies for genetic counseling performed by Certified Genetic Counselors (CGC(C)). Methods Fee-for-service Medicaid policies across 50 states and Washington DC were reviewed and coded. Four states with exemplary policies were identified, and CGC managers in two of these were surveyed regarding the real-world effects of these policies. Results As of 2024, 20 states (39%) had a published policy for genetic counseling with most (N=16, 80%) expressly covering genetic counseling in connection with any covered genetic test. Of the states without a policy, 12 (24%) mention genetic counseling in the context of scenario-specific policies, and 19 (37%) have no published policy. Twenty states explicitly cover CGC services, while 2 exclude CGCs as service providers. CGC managers in Indiana and Michigan confirmed the policies identified as exemplary successfully led to reimbursement of CGC services. Conclusion There is significant variability in Medicaid coverage for genetic counseling. Comprehensive policies are needed to support patient access to genetics professionals, including CGCs.