PsbS confers limited adaptive benefit to C4 photosynthesis under fluctuating light

Adaptation of plant photosynthesis to dynamic light conditions experienced in natural environments is achieved through specific protective mechanisms. Energy-dependent non-photochemical quenching (qE), regulated by Photosystem II Subunit S (PsbS), is a key process facilitating acclimation to fluctuating light in C3 plants, which operate conventional photosynthesis. C4 plants, which include some of the world's most productive and agriculturally important crops, have evolved a distinct high-efficiency photosynthetic pathway. Little is known about the role of specific processes, like qE, in acclimation of C4 plants to dynamic light environments. We generated gene-edited lines of the model C4 grass Setaria viridis lacking PsbS, which were found to be deficient in qE. This deficiency resulted in a modest increase in PSII photoinhibition and a CO2 assimilation penalty under light stress in short-term experiments, but photosynthesis and growth under fluctuating light were unaffected. Instead, keeping Photosystem I oxidised through photosynthetic control, negative feedback regulation of the Cytochrome b6f complex, was critical. Therefore, unlike in C3 plants, qE does not provide a significant adaptive advantage to C4 plants under dynamic light conditions. These findings provide important insights into the biology of C4 plants and help prioritise future strategies for improving the productivity and resilience of C4 crops.